{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:15:41Z","timestamp":1777634141292,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,13]],"date-time":"2019-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Warmer seawater temperatures are expected to increase harmful algal blooms (HABs) occurrence, intensity, and distribution. Yet, the potential interactions between abiotic stressors and HABs are still poorly understood from ecological and seafood safety perspectives. The present study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the bioaccumulation\/depuration mechanisms and ecotoxicological responses of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) exposed to paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) under different temperatures (18, 21, 24 \u00b0C). PST were detected in fish at the peak of the exposure period (day five, 0.22 \u00b5g g\u22121 N-sulfocarbamoylGonyautoxin-1-2 (C1 and C2), 0.08 \u00b5g g\u22121 Decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) and 0.18 \u00b5g g\u22121 Gonyautoxin-5 (B1)), being rapidly eliminated (within the first 24 h of depuration), regardless of exposure temperature. Increased temperatures led to significantly higher PST contamination (275 \u00b5g STX eq. kg\u22121). During the trial, fish antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione S-transferase, GST) in both muscle and viscera were affected by temperature, whereas a significant induction of heat shock proteins (HSP70), Ubiquitin (Ub) activity (viscera), and lipid peroxidation (LPO; muscle) was observed under the combination of warming and PST exposure. The differential bioaccumulation and biomarker responses observed highlight the need to further understand the interactive effects between PST and abiotic stressors, to better estimate climate change impacts on HABs events, and to develop mitigation strategies to overcome the potential risks associated with seafood consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11070408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T04:55:27Z","timestamp":1563166527000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Ocean Warming: Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicological Responses in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8103-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, n\u00ba 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, n\u00ba 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3750-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Anacleto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, n\u00ba 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Maulvault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, n\u00ba 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pous\u00e3o-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO-Aquaculture Research Station, 8700-305 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Reis","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, n\u00ba 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, n\u00ba 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Marine Algal Toxins: Origins, Health Effects, and Their Increased Occurrence","volume":"108","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.02.010","article-title":"Climate change and seafood safety: Human health implications","volume":"43","author":"Marques","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. 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