{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:13:34Z","timestamp":1772795614491,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303715\/2015-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303715\/2015-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04423\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04423\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human poisoning by microcystin has been recorded in many countries, including Brazil, where fatal cases have already occurred. The Amazon River is the main source of drinking water in municipalities such as Macap\u00e1, where there is no monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. This study investigated the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in samples from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) that catches water from the Amazon River. The toxin analyses employed ELISA, LC\/MS, and molecular screening for genes involved in the production of cyanotoxins. The sampling was carried out monthly from April 2015 to April 2016 at the intake (raw water) and exit (treated water) of the DWTP. This study reports the first detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in the Amazon River, the world\u2019s largest river, and in its treated water destined for drinking water purposes in Macap\u00e1, Brazil. The cyanobacterial density and MC-LR concentration were both low during the year. However, Limnothrix planctonica showed a density peak (\u00b1 900 cells mL\u22121) in the quarter of June\u2013August 2015, when MC-LR was registered (2.1 \u00b5g L\u22121). Statistical analyses indicate that L. planctonica may produce the microcystin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T11:25:56Z","timestamp":1573817156000},"page":"669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["First Detection of Microcystin-LR in the Amazon River at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant of the Municipality of Macap\u00e1, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elane","family":"D.C. Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1, 68.903-197 Amap\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1, 68903-419 Amap\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1, 68.903-197 Amap\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Natalina","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1, 68.903-197 Amap\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Faustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1, 68903-419 Amap\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1846-9486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1, 68903-419 Amap\u00e1, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitton, B.A. (2012). 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