{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T07:00:00Z","timestamp":1771484400675,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014803","name":"European Food Safety Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GP\/EFSA\/AFSCO\/2015\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GP\/EFSA\/AFSCO\/2015\/03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30557\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30557\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED481A-2018\/207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A-2018\/207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CERCA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERCA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Selvagens Islands, which are a marine protected area located at the southernmost point of the Portuguese maritime zone, have been associated with fish harboring ciguatoxins (CTX) and linked to ciguatera fish poisonings. This study reports the results of a field sampling campaign carried out in September 2018 in these remote and rarely surveyed islands. Fifty-six fish specimens from different trophic levels were caught for CTX-like toxicity determination by cell-based assay (CBA) and toxin content analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS). Notably, high toxicity levels were found in fish with an intermediate position in the food web, such as zebra seabream (Diplodus cervinus) and barred hogfish (Bodianus scrofa), reaching levels up to 0.75 \u00b5g CTX1B equivalent kg\u22121. The LC-MS\/MS analysis confirmed that C-CTX1 was the main toxin, but discrepancies between CBA and LC-MS\/MS in D. cervinus and top predator species, such as the yellowmouth barracuda (Sphyraena viridis) and amberjacks (Seriola spp.), suggest the presence of fish metabolic products, which need to be further elucidated. This study confirms that fish from coastal food webs of the Selvagens Islands represent a high risk of ciguatera, raising important issues for fisheries and environmental management of the Selvagens Islands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13080580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T23:00:09Z","timestamp":1629673209000},"page":"580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Reis","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Bras\u00edlia, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2520-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8356-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Soli\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Bras\u00edlia, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Susana Margarida","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Bras\u00edlia, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Viriato","family":"Timoteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Fisheries Management\u2014Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2260-5281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Leao-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto das Florestas e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza, IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente, e Recursos Naturais e Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Clim\u00e1ticas, Regional Government of Madeira, Rua Jo\u00e3o de Deus, n.\u00ba 12 E\/F, R\/C-C, 9050-027 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Neide","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Fisheries Management\u2014Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6567-6891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Diog\u00e8ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la R\u00e0pita, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gago-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2014.09.003","article-title":"Genus Gambierdiscus in the Canary Islands (NE Atlantic Ocean) with description of Gambierdiscus silvae sp. nov., a new potentially toxic epiphytic benthic dinoflagellate","volume":"165","author":"Fraga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Protist"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187128.80551.1b","article-title":"Captain Cook on poison Fish","volume":"65","author":"Doherty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.035","article-title":"Dual action of a dinoflagellate-derived precursor of Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTX-4B) on voltage-dependent K(+) and Na(+) channels of single myelinated axons","volume":"56","author":"Schlumberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.1067","article-title":"Clinical Observations on 3,009 Cases of Ciguatera (Fish Poisoning) in the South Pacific","volume":"28","author":"Bagnis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. 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