{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T07:56:29Z","timestamp":1768636589439,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education","award":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education","award":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education","award":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MCTES","award":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"MCTES","award":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MCTES","award":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cemeteries are potential environmental reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms from organic matter decomposition. This study aimed to characterize the microbial contamination in three cemeteries, and more specifically in grave diggers\u2019 facilities. One active sampling method (impingement method) and several passive sampling methods (swabs, settled dust, settled dust filters and electrostatic dust cloths\u2014EDC) were employed. The molecular detection of Aspergillus sections and SARS-CoV-2, as well as mycotoxin analysis, screening of azole resistance, and cytotoxicity measurement were also conducted. Total bacteria contamination was 80 CFU\u00b7m\u22122 in settled dust samples, reached 849 CFU\u00b7m\u22122 in EDC and 20,000 CFU\u00b7m\u22122 in swabs, and ranged from 5000 to 10,000 CFU\u00b7m\u22122 in filters. Gram-negative bacteria (VRBA) were only observed in in settled dust samples (2.00 \u00d7 105 CFU\u00b7m\u22122). Regarding Aspergillus sp., the highest counts were obtained in DG18 (18.38%) and it was not observed in azole-supplemented SDA media. SARS-CoV-2 and the targeted Aspergillus sections were not detected. Mycophenolic acid was detected in one settled dust sample. Cytotoxic effects were observed for 94.4% filters and 5.6% EDC in A549 lung epithelial cells, and for 50.0% filters and 5.6% EDC in HepG2 cells. Future studies are needed in this occupational setting to implement more focused risk management measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14050348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T21:36:06Z","timestamp":1652736966000},"page":"348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Six Feet under Microbiota: Microbiologic Contamination and Toxicity Profile in Three Urban Cemeteries from Lisbon, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1545-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-6072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-9318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4165-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Carolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Twaru\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85\u2013064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7338-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kosicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85\u2013064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7122-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Soszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85\u2013064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1496-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana Aranha","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e 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