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Science and Technology (FCT) project CIGUA","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["MAR-02.05.01-FEAMP-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAR-02.05.01-FEAMP-0009"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["MAR-02.01.01-FEAMP-0175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAR-02.01.01-FEAMP-0175"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["SFRH\/BD\/118601\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/118601\/2016"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30557\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30557\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum is the etiological agent of a parasitic disease named amyloodiniosis. Mortalities of diseased fish are usually attributed to anoxia, osmoregulatory impairment, or opportunistic bacterial infections. Nevertheless, the phylogenetic proximity of A. ocellatum to a group of toxin-producing dinoflagellates from Pfiesteria, Parvodinium and Paulsenella genera suggests that it may produce toxin-like compounds, adding a new dimension to the possible cause of mortalities in A. ocellatum outbreaks. To address this question, extracts prepared from different life stages of the parasite were tested in vitro for cytotoxic effects using two cell lines derived from branchial arches (ABSa15) and the caudal fin (CFSa1) of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and for hemolytic effects using erythrocytes purified from the blood of gilthead seabream juveniles. Cytotoxicity and a strong hemolytic effect, similar to those observed for Karlodinium toxins, were observed for the less polar extracts of the parasitic stage (trophont). A similar trend was observed for the less polar extracts of the infective stage (dinospores), although cell viability was only affected in the ABSa15 line. These results suggest that A. ocellatum produces tissue-specific toxic compounds that may have a role in the attachment of the dinospores\u2019 and trophonts\u2019 feeding process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cytotoxic and Hemolytic Activities of Extracts of the Fish Parasite Dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4932-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8356-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Soli\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, n\u00b0 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia L.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9565-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Laiz\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6746-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pous\u00e3o-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Reis","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, n\u00b0 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florbela","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/00173139908559216","article-title":"Dinoflagellate phylogeny revisited: Reconciling morphological and molecular based phylogenies","volume":"38","author":"Fensome","year":"1999","journal-title":"Grana"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"603","article-title":"Life cycle and host specificity of marine parasitic dinophytes","volume":"37","author":"Drebes","year":"1984","journal-title":"Helgol. Meeresunters."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9365(11)80313-1","article-title":"A novel association between an endemic stickleback and a parasitic dinoflagellate. 3. Details of the life cycle","volume":"145","author":"Reimchen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. 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