{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:12:26Z","timestamp":1777504346097,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project TRACE-RICE\u2014Tracing rice and valorizing side streams along Mediterranean blockchain","award":["1934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1934"]}]},{"name":"project TRACE-RICE\u2014Tracing rice and valorizing side streams along Mediterranean blockchain","award":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds (FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["1934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1934"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds (FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of mycotoxins in the environment is associated with potential crop contamination, which results in an unavoidable increase in human exposure. Rice, being the second most consumed cereal worldwide, constitutes an important source of potential contamination by mycotoxins. Due to the increasing number of notifications reported, and the occurrence of mycotoxins at levels above the legislated limits, this work intends to compile the most relevant studies and review the main methods used in the detection and quantification of these compounds in rice. The aflatoxins and ochratoxin A are the predominant mycotoxins detected in rice grain and these data reveal the importance of adopting safety storage practices that prevent the growth of producing fungi from the Aspergillus genus along all the rice chain. Immunoaffinity columns (IAC) and QuECHERS are the preferred methods for extraction and purification and HPLC-MS\/MS is preferred for quantification purposes. Further investigation is still required to establish the real exposition of these contaminants, as well as the consequences and possible synergistic effects due to the co-occurrence of mycotoxins and also for emergent and masked mycotoxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14090647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1663648135000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Mycotoxins Contamination in Rice: Analytical Methods, Occurrence and Detoxification Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Carreir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3292-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, REQUIMTE\/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1949-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Brites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6043-819X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, REQUIMTE\/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0226-921X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Sanches Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, 4501-401 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.12.012","article-title":"The global overview of the occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals: A three-year survey","volume":"39","author":"Khodaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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