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on bivalve harvesting that result in huge economic losses. This work presents the characterization of two novel isolates of G. catenatum regarding their growth and toxin profiles. Laboratory growth experiments revealed that, although low growth rates were obtained during cultivation, the cell yields were high compared to those reported in the literature. Evaluation of the toxin profiles, by HPLC-FLD, essentially confirmed the typical composition of toxins of this regional population (Iberian Peninsula), namely, the absence or low representation of the toxins dcNEO, GTX1,4 and NEO and a higher ratio of the toxins C1,2, GTX6 and GTX5. However, the percentage of the identified toxins varied among the strains of this study (under the same isolation, growth, and analysis conditions), and also differed from that of other strains described in the literature. Interestingly, we found a comparatively high abundance of dcSTX in both strains, relative to the other toxins, and an unquantifiable amount of C3,4 toxins. In addition to the geographic relationship between toxin profiles, chemical conversions among toxins may explain some differences encountered in the toxin profiles of G. catenatum strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14110762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T09:26:00Z","timestamp":1667553960000},"page":"762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Toxin Profile of Two Gymnodinium catenatum Strains from Iberian Coastal Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0336-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana F.","family":"Leal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2838-6262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Bombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenCoLab, Green Ocean Association, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenCoLab, Green Ocean Association, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar e do Ambiente, Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar e do Ambiente, Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9447-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria L. S.","family":"Cristiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"Bioactive Metabolites from Marine Dinoflagellates","volume":"2","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compr. Nat. Prod. II Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, J., Guedes, A., and Malcata, F. (2017). Biotechnological and Pharmacological Applications of Biotoxins and Other Bioactive Molecules from Dinoflagellates. Mar. 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