{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1778624198606,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s research and innovation programme Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["733032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycotoxins are natural metabolites produced by fungi that contaminate food and feed worldwide. They can pose a threat to human and animal health, mainly causing chronic effects, e.g., immunotoxic and carcinogenic. Due to climate change, an increase in European population exposure to mycotoxins is expected to occur, raising public health concerns. This urges us to assess the current human exposure to mycotoxins in Europe to allow monitoring exposure and prevent future health impacts. The mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were considered as priority substances to be studied within the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) to generate knowledge on internal exposure and their potential health impacts. Several policy questions were addressed concerning hazard characterization, exposure and risk assessment. The present article presents the current advances attained under the HBM4EU, research needs and gaps. Overall, the knowledge on the European population risk from exposure to DON was improved by using new harmonised data and a newly derived reference value. In addition, mechanistic information on FB1 was, for the first time, organized into an adverse outcome pathway for a congenital anomaly. It is expected that this knowledge will support policy making and contribute to driving new Human Biomonitoring (HBM) studies on mycotoxin exposure in Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14120826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T04:34:52Z","timestamp":1669264492000},"page":"826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Current Advances, Research Needs and Gaps in Mycotoxins Biomonitoring under the HBM4EU\u2014Lessons Learned and Future Trends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8396-1357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Alvito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4375-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Manuel","family":"Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"IUEM, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, Campus Universit\u00e1rio\u2014Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lola","family":"Bajard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7930-2914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marcel J. B.","family":"Mengelers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-8811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Namorado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8396-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annick D.","family":"van den Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8532-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Vasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ToxOmics\u2014NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003","article-title":"Mycotoxins","volume":"16","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. 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