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Some pathogens produce pore-forming toxins (PFTs) that disrupt PM integrity by forming transmembrane pores. High PFT concentrations cause massive damage leading to cell death and facilitating infection. Sub-lytic PFT doses activate repair mechanisms to restore PM integrity, support cell survival and limit disease. Shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been proposed as a key mechanism to eliminate PFT pores and restore PM integrity. We show here that cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs), a specific family of PFTs, are at least partially eliminated through EVs release, and we hypothesize that proteins important for PM repair might be included in EVs shed by cells during repair. To identify new PM repair proteins, we collected EVs released by cells challenged with sub-lytic doses of two different bacterial CDCs, listeriolysin O and pneumolysin, and determined the EV proteomic repertoire by LC-MS\/MS. Intoxicated cells release similar EVs irrespectively of the CDC used. Also, they release more and larger EVs than non-intoxicated cells. A cluster of 70 proteins including calcium-binding proteins, molecular chaperones, cytoskeletal, scaffold and membrane trafficking proteins, was detected enriched in EVs collected from intoxicated cells. While some of these proteins have well-characterized roles in repair, the involvement of others requires further study. As proof of concept, we show here that Copine-1 and Copine-3, proteins abundantly detected in EVs released by intoxicated cells, are required for efficient repair of CDC-induced PM damage. Additionally, we reveal here new proteins potentially involved in PM repair and give new insights into common mechanisms and machinery engaged by cells in response to PM damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T02:31:33Z","timestamp":1671589893000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cells Responding to Closely Related Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins Release Extracellular Vesicles with a Common Proteomic Content Including Membrane Repair Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0404-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology of Bacterial Infections, IBMC, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology of Bacterial Infections, IBMC, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular and Cellular (MC) Biology PhD Program, ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7104-0147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupert L.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1667-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre D. A.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology of Bacterial Infections, IBMC, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2886-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Impens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4001-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier","family":"Cabanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology, IBMC, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology of Bacterial Infections, IBMC, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2014.08.008","article-title":"Dealing with damage: Plasma membrane repair mechanisms","volume":"107","author":"Draeger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-00233-2","article-title":"Plasma membrane integrity in health and disease: Significance and therapeutic potential","volume":"7","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77902-5","article-title":"Defective membrane repair machinery impairs survival of invasive cancer cells","volume":"10","author":"Bouvet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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