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Bivalves\u2019 habitats\u2014lagoons, estuaries and coastal waters\u2014are exposed to biological and anthropogenic contaminants, which can bioaccumulate in these organisms and pose a significant public health risk. The need to obtain a safe product for human consumption led to the implementation of standardised hygiene regulations for harvesting and marketing bivalve molluscs, resulting in routine monitoring of bivalve production areas for microbial quality, metal contaminants, and marine biotoxins. While excessive levels of biotoxins and metal contamination lead to temporary harvesting bans, high faecal contamination leads to area reclassification and impose post-harvest treatments. In this study, the seasonal and temporal variability of these parameters were analysed using historical data generated by the monitoring programme during the last decade. Moreover, the impact of the monitoring program on bivalve harvesting from 2011 to 2020 was assessed. This program presented a considerable improvement over time, with an increase in the sampling effort and the overall program representativeness. Finally, contamination risk, revising control measures, and defining recommendations for risk mitigation measures are given in the light of ten years\u2019 monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15020091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T05:50:20Z","timestamp":1674107420000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Bivalve Shellfish Safety in Portugal: Variability of Faecal Levels, Metal Contaminants and Marine Biotoxins during the Last Decade (2011\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Braga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana Margarida","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helena Maria","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Av. General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Reis","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s\/n, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2211-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA, I.P.\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Av. General Norton de Matos S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2307\/281156","article-title":"The Role of Shellfish in Prehistoric Economies: A Protein Perspective","volume":"53","author":"Erlandson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Antiq."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/15564894.2014.881935","article-title":"Human Ecology of Shellfish Exploitation at a Prehistoric Fishing-Farming Village on the Pacific Coast of Mexico","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Isl. Coast. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019). United Nations\u2014Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. 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