{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:31:52Z","timestamp":1767652312621,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BMA\/28317\/2017","UIDB\/04292\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDP\/04326\/2020","LA\/P\/0101\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/147294\/2019","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30226\/2017","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/31265\/2017","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031265","CEECIND\/00511\/2017","101003376","ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BMA\/28317\/2017","UIDB\/04292\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDP\/04326\/2020","LA\/P\/0101\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/147294\/2019","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30226\/2017","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/31265\/2017","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031265","CEECIND\/00511\/2017","101003376","ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Widening Fellowship","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BMA\/28317\/2017","UIDB\/04292\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDP\/04326\/2020","LA\/P\/0101\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/147294\/2019","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30226\/2017","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/31265\/2017","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031265","CEECIND\/00511\/2017","101003376","ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BMA\/28317\/2017","UIDB\/04292\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDP\/04326\/2020","LA\/P\/0101\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/147294\/2019","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30226\/2017","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/31265\/2017","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031265","CEECIND\/00511\/2017","101003376","ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"]}]},{"name":"CRESC Algarve 2020 and COMPETE 2020","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BMA\/28317\/2017","UIDB\/04292\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDP\/04326\/2020","LA\/P\/0101\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/147294\/2019","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30226\/2017","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/31265\/2017","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031265","CEECIND\/00511\/2017","101003376","ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BMA\/28317\/2017","UIDB\/04292\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDP\/04326\/2020","LA\/P\/0101\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/147294\/2019","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30226\/2017","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/31265\/2017","LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031265","CEECIND\/00511\/2017","101003376","ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have doubled in frequency since the 1980s and are projected to be exacerbated during this century. MHWs have been shown to trigger harmful algal blooms (HABs), with severe consequences to marine life and human populations. Within this context, this study aims to understand, for the first time, how MHWs impact key biological and toxicological parameters of the paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) producer Gymnodinium catenatum, a dinoflagellate inhabiting temperate and tropical coastal waters. Two MHW were simulated\u2014category I (i.e., peak: 19.9 \u00b0C) and category IV (i.e., peak: 24.1 \u00b0C)\u2014relative to the estimated baseline in the western coast of Portugal (18.5 \u00b0C). No significant changes in abundance, size, and photosynthetic efficiency were observed among treatments. On the other hand, chain-formation was significantly reduced under category IV MHW, as was PSP toxicity and production of some PST compounds. Overall, this suggests that G. catenatum may have a high tolerance to MHWs. Nevertheless, some sublethal effects may have occurred since chain-formation was affected, suggesting that these growth conditions may be sub-optimal for this population. Our study suggests that the increase in frequency, intensity, and duration of MHWs may lead to reduced severity of G. catenatum blooms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15020157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T03:41:17Z","timestamp":1676346077000},"page":"157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gymnodinium catenatum Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Production and Photobiological Responses under Marine Heat Waves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vanessa M.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4554-4453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Court","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Martim Costa","family":"Seco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3911-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco O.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0167-7163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Lage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7748-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1914-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6988-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina Fraz\u00e3o","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Reis","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"S2AQUA\u2014Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2801-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2019). 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