{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T01:24:50Z","timestamp":1777080290458,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds (FCT\/MEC, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SAU-NUT\/6061\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-NUT\/6061\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recovery of biomolecules from food industry by-products is of major relevance for a circular economy strategy. However, by-products\u2019 contamination with mycotoxins represents a drawback for their reliable valorization for food and feed, hampering their application range, especially as food ingredients. Mycotoxin contamination occurs even in dried matrices. There is a need for the implantation of monitoring programs, even for by-products used as animal feed, since very high levels can be reached. This systematic review aims to identify the food by-products that have been studied from 2000 until 2022 (22 years) concerning mycotoxins\u2019 contamination, distribution, and prevalence in those by-products. PRISMA (\u201cPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses\u201d) protocol was performed via two databases (PubMed and SCOPUS) to summarize the research findings. After the screening and selection process, the full texts of eligible articles (32 studies) were evaluated, and data from 16 studies were considered. A total of 6 by-products were assessed concerning mycotoxin content; these include distiller dried grain with solubles, brewer\u2019s spent grain, brewer\u2019s spent yeast, cocoa shell, grape pomace, and sugar beet pulp. Frequent mycotoxins in these by-products are AFB1, OTA, FBs, DON, and ZEA. The high prevalence of contaminated samples, which surpasses the limits established for human consumption, thus limiting their valorization as ingredients in the food industry. Co-contamination is frequent, which can cause synergistic interactions and amplify their toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15040249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T02:03:53Z","timestamp":1680055433000},"page":"249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Mycotoxins\u2019 Prevalence in Food Industry By-Products: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3109-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paloma","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5747-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Madalena C.","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Guido R.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1024-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zita E.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5192-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cla\u00fadia P.","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7531-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Petronilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real, Department of Chemistry, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8424-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel M. P. L. V. O.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-022-00589-6","article-title":"Food System By-Products Upcycled in Livestock and Aquaculture Feeds Can Increase Global Food Supply","volume":"3","author":"Chrysafi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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