{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:11:38Z","timestamp":1777504298485,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PT national funds (FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds (FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["DL-57-2016\/ICETA\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL-57-2016\/ICETA\/02"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia)","award":["DL-57-2016\/ICETA\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL-57-2016\/ICETA\/02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rice is the second most important cereal crop and is vital for the diet of billions of people. However, its consumption can increase human exposure to chemical contaminants, namely mycotoxins and metalloids. Our goal was to evaluate the occurrence and human exposure of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), and inorganic arsenic (InAs) in 36 rice samples produced and commercialized in Portugal and evaluate their correlation. The analysis of mycotoxins involved ELISA, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.8, 1 and 1.75 \u03bcg kg\u22121 for OTA, AFB1, and ZEN, respectively. InAs analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; LOD = 3.3 \u03bcg kg\u22121). No sample showed contamination by OTA. AFB1 was present in 2 (4.8%) samples (1.96 and 2.20 \u03bcg kg\u22121), doubling the European maximum permitted level (MPL). Concerning ZEN, 88.89% of the rice samples presented levels above the LOD up to 14.25 \u00b5g kg\u22121 (average of 2.75 \u00b5g kg\u22121). Regarding InAs, every sample presented concentration values above the LOD up to 100.0 \u00b5g kg\u22121 (average of 35.3 \u00b5g kg\u22121), although none surpassed the MPL (200 \u00b5g kg\u22121). No correlation was observed between mycotoxins and InAs contamination. As for human exposure, only AFB1 surpassed the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. Children were recognized as the most susceptible group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15040291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T01:36:45Z","timestamp":1681781805000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mycotoxins in Rice Correlate with Other Contaminants? A Pilot Study of the Portuguese Scenario and Human Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2372-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana J. G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4777-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 M. P. T.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Perdig\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Celeste M.","family":"Lino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIT\u2014Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. 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