{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:39:27Z","timestamp":1767832767171,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014803","name":"EUROCIGUA II","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GP\/EFSA\/KNOW\/2022\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GP\/EFSA\/KNOW\/2022\/03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014803","name":"EUROCIGUA II","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DSAIPA\/DS\/0026\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSAIPA\/DS\/0026\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014803","name":"EUROCIGUA II","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014803","name":"EUROCIGUA II","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014803","name":"EUROCIGUA II","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014803","name":"EUROCIGUA II","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["GP\/EFSA\/KNOW\/2022\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GP\/EFSA\/KNOW\/2022\/03"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["DSAIPA\/DS\/0026\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSAIPA\/DS\/0026\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese national funds","award":["GP\/EFSA\/KNOW\/2022\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GP\/EFSA\/KNOW\/2022\/03"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese national funds","award":["DSAIPA\/DS\/0026\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSAIPA\/DS\/0026\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese national funds","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese national funds","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese national funds","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese national funds","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The first ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in Portugal dates from 2008 when 11 people reported CFP symptoms after consuming a 30 kg amberjack caught around the Selvagens Islands (Madeira Archipelago). Since then, 49 human poisonings have been reported. The emergence of a new threat challenged scientists and regulators, as methods for toxic microalgae analyses and ciguatoxin (CTX) detection were not implemented. To minimise the risk of ciguatera, the Madeira Archipelago authorities interdicted fisheries in Selvagens Islands and banned the capture of amberjacks weighing more than 10 kg in the entire region of Madeira Archipelago. The accurate identification and quantification of the benthic toxin-producing algae species spreading to new areas require efforts in terms of both microscopy and molecular techniques. Two ciguatera-causing dinoflagellates, Gambierdiscus excentricus and Gambierdiscus australes, were identified in the Madeira Island and Selvagens sub-archipelago, respectively. Regarding the CTX analysis (N2a cell-based assay and LC-MS) in fish, the results indicate that the Selvagens Islands are a ciguatera risk area and that fish vectoring CTX are not limited to top predator species. Nevertheless, advances and improvements in screening methods for the fast detection of toxicity in seafood along with certified reference material and sensitive and selective targeted analytical methods for the determination of CTX content are still pending. This study aims to revise the occurrence of ciguatera cases in the Madeira Archipelago since its first detection in 2008, to discuss the risk management strategy that was implemented, and to provide a summary of the available data on the bioaccumulation of CTX in marine fish throughout the marine food web, taking into consideration their ecological significance, ecosystem dynamics, and fisheries relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15110630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T11:50:18Z","timestamp":1698407418000},"page":"630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A 15-Year Retrospective Review of Ciguatera in the Madeira Islands (North-East Atlantic, Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Reis","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2890-4338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Churro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana Margarida","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Fraz\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4529-8122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8356-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Soli\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Viriato","family":"Tim\u00f3teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Regional de Veterin\u00e1ria e Seguran\u00e7a Alimentar, Caminho das Quebradas de Baixo n\u00ba 79, S. Martinho, 9000-254 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Neide","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Regional de Veterin\u00e1ria e Seguran\u00e7a Alimentar, Caminho das Quebradas de Baixo n\u00ba 79, S. Martinho, 9000-254 Funchal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"615","article-title":"Origin and Transfer of Toxins Involved in Ciguatera","volume":"106","author":"Lewis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Pharmacol. Toxicol. 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