{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T19:30:05Z","timestamp":1773948605396,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["823860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["823860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["823860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["823860"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microcystins (MCs), natural hepatotoxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, pose significant risks to water quality, ecosystem stability, and the well-being of animals, plants, and humans when present in elevated concentrations. The escalating contamination of irrigation water with MCs presents a growing threat to terrestrial plants. The customary practice of irrigating crops from local water sources, including lakes and ponds hosting cyanobacterial blooms, serves as a primary conduit for transferring these toxins. Due to their high chemical stability and low molecular weight, MCs have the potential to accumulate in various parts of plants, thereby increasing health hazards for consumers of agricultural products, which serve as the foundation of the Earth\u2019s food chain. MCs can bioaccumulate, migrate, potentially biodegrade, and pose health hazards to humans within terrestrial food systems. This study highlights that MCs from irrigation water reservoirs can bioaccumulate and come into contact with plants, transferring into the food chain. Additionally, it investigates the natural mechanisms that organisms employ for conjugation and the microbial processes involved in MC degradation. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the role of MCs in the terrestrial food chain and to elucidate the specific health risks associated with consuming crops irrigated with water contaminated with these toxins, further research is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16040196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T04:10:15Z","timestamp":1713499815000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Microcystin Contamination in Irrigation Water and Health Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3485-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Haida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"El Khalloufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Engineering and Environmental Impacts Team, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, B.P, 45, Khouribga 25000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9012-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Mugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Yasser","family":"Essadki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4621-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6295-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brahim","family":"Oudra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.10.027","article-title":"The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms: The potential roles of eutrophication and climate change","volume":"14","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastogi, R.P., Madamwar, D., and Incharoensakdi, A. (2015). Bloom dynamics of cyanobacteria and their toxins: Environmental health impacts and mitigation strategies. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01254"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13035","article-title":"Duelling \u2018CyanoHABs\u2019: Unravelling the environmental drivers controlling dominance and succession among diazotrophic and non-N2-fixing harmful cyanobacteria","volume":"18","author":"Paerl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2014.933716","article-title":"Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas","volume":"8","author":"Khatri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2016.05.008","article-title":"Inclusion of emerging organic contaminants in groundwater monitoring plans","volume":"3","author":"Lamastra","year":"2016","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.067","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of microcystin congeners in soil-plant system and human health risk assessment: A field study from Lake Taihu region of China","volume":"240","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.10.006","article-title":"Allelopatic effects of cyanobacteria extracts containing microcystins on Medicago sativa-Rhizobia symbiosis","volume":"74","author":"Oufdou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/03601230802062307","article-title":"Effects of cyanobacteria producing microcystins on seed germination and seedling growth of several agricultural plants","volume":"43","author":"Saqrane","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B Pestic. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.02.014","article-title":"Lettuce irrigated with contaminated water: Photosynthetic effects, antioxidative response and bioaccumulation of microcystin congeners","volume":"128","author":"Chia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.09.079","article-title":"Fresh produce and their soils accumulate cyanotoxins from irrigation water: Implications for public health and food security","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Lu, Q., Ding, Q., Yin, L., and Pu, Y. (2017). A novel and native microcystin-degrading bacterium of Sphingopyxis sp. isolated from lake Taihu. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101187"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"WHO (2011). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011: Warning about the Dangers of Tobacco, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2287","article-title":"Invasive dreissenid mussels and round gobies: A benthic pathway for the trophic transfer of microcystin","volume":"32","author":"Poste","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10007","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02760","article-title":"Biotransport of algal toxins to riparian food webs","volume":"50","author":"Moy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1674\/0003-0031-174.2.331","article-title":"Microcystin detected in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus)","volume":"174","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107077","article-title":"Cyanotoxins in groundwater; occurrence, potential sources, health impacts and knowledge gap for public health","volume":"226","author":"Mutoti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menezes, C., Churro, C., and Dias, E. (2017). Risk levels of toxic cyanobacteria in Portuguese recreational freshwaters. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9100327"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-019-00336-6","article-title":"Oral microcystin-LR does not cause hepatotoxicity in pigs: Is the risk of microcystin-LR overestimated?","volume":"12","author":"Welten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113611","article-title":"Microcystin-LR exposure interfered maintenance of colonic microenvironmental homeostasis in rat","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"219","article-title":"Poisoning in cattle caused by blue-green algae","volume":"16","author":"Odriozola","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.11.1605","article-title":"Blue-green algae toxicosis in cattle","volume":"213","author":"Puschner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712445768","article-title":"Investigation of a Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacterial freshwater harmful algal bloom associated with acute microcystin toxicosis in a dog","volume":"24","author":"Sebbag","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/10508414.2012.635129","article-title":"Eye movements as an indicator of situation awareness in a flight simulator experiment","volume":"22","author":"Zon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"74","article-title":"Indigenous traditional knowledge protection: Prospects in South Africa\u2019s intellectual property framework?","volume":"76","author":"Masango","year":"2010","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Libr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"706","article-title":"Catastrophic mortality of flamingos in a Spanish national park caused by cyanobacteria","volume":"151","author":"Costas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6427","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06645","article-title":"Ozonation of microcystins: Kinetics and toxicity decrease","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(92)90507-6","article-title":"Plant metabolism of xenobiotics","volume":"17","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, B.S., Singh, M., Aggrawal, P., and Laxmi, A. (2009). Glucose and auxin signaling interaction in controlling Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings root growth and development. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004502"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Hoffmann, V. (2013). Go\u00fbter le Monde. Une Histoire Culturelle du Go\u00fbt \u00e0 L\u2019\u00e9poque Moderne, Peter Lang.","DOI":"10.3726\/978-3-0352-6378-7"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Kondo, N. (2012). Air Pollution and Plant Biotechnology, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6924","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01928-09","article-title":"Isolation and identification of novel microcystin-degrading bacteria","volume":"75","author":"Manage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(94)90093-0","article-title":"Release and degradation of microcystin following algicide treatment of a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in a recreational lake, as determined by HPLC and protein phosphatase inhibition assay","volume":"28","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Kultschar, B., and Llewellyn, C. (2018). Secondary Metabolites\u2014Sources and Applications, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.3390\/md12115372","article-title":"High levels of structural diversity observed in microcystins from Microcystis CAWBG11 and characterization of six new microcystin congeners","volume":"12","author":"Puddick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"46","article-title":"Microcystines: Intoxication des animaux domestiques et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des aliments d\u2019origine animale","volume":"1","author":"Jaeg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(82)90097-6","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of four toxins from the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"20","author":"Botes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.9.2658-2666.1990","article-title":"Effects of light, temperature, nitrate, orthophosphate, and bacteria on growth of and hepatotoxin production by Oscillatoria agardhii strains","volume":"56","author":"Sivonen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.8.2495-2500.1992","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a variety of microcystins from seven strains of the cyanobacterial genus Anabaena","volume":"58","author":"Sivonen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.7.2204-2209.1993","article-title":"Isolation and identification of eight microcystins from thirteen Oscillatoria agardhii strains and structure of a new microcystin","volume":"59","author":"Luukkainen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.02.002","article-title":"Health impacts from cyanobacteria harmful algae blooms: Implications for the North American Great Lakes","volume":"54","author":"Carmichael","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, L., Massey, I.Y., Feng, H., and Yang, F. (2019). A Review of Cardiovascular To xicity of Microcystins. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090507"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-015-2003-2","article-title":"A review on factors affecting microcystins production by algae in aquatic environments","volume":"32","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18256-x","article-title":"Current research scenario for biological effect of exogenous factors on microcystin synthesis","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8638","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07476-x","article-title":"Elimination of cyanobacteria and microcystins in irrigation water\u2014Effects of hydrogen peroxide treatment","volume":"27","author":"Spoof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"117","article-title":"Caract\u00e9risation biochimique et mol\u00e9culaire d\u2019efflorescences \u00e0 cyanobact\u00e9ries toxiques dans le r\u00e9servoir Lalla Takerkoust (Maroc)","volume":"24","author":"Saqrane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. L\u2019eau"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1002\/its2.40","article-title":"Detection of cyanotoxins in irrigation water and potential impact on putting green health","volume":"14","author":"Rushford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.01.029","article-title":"Microcystin production in benthic mats of cyanobacteria in the Nile River and irrigation canals, Egypt","volume":"47","author":"Mohamed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"WHO (2020). WHO Cyanobacterial Toxins: Microcystins, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22819","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22819","article-title":"Sex-dependent effects of microcystin-LR on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis and gametogenesis of adult zebrafish","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20331","article-title":"Effect of irrigation with lake water containing microcystins on microcystin content and growth of ryegrass, clover, rape, and lettuce","volume":"23","author":"Crush","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00683.x","article-title":"Microcystin-producing blooms of Anabaenopsis arnoldi in a potable mountain lake in Saudi Arabia","volume":"69","author":"Mohamed","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106274","article-title":"Root vegetables bioaccumulate microcystins-LR in a developmental stage-dependent manner under realistic exposure scenario: The case of carrot and radish","volume":"240","author":"Levizou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105142","article-title":"High ecological and human health risks from microcystins in vegetable fields in southern China","volume":"133","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147948","article-title":"Spray irrigation with microcystins-rich water affects plant performance from the microscopic to the functional level and food safety of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Sci","volume":"789","author":"Tsoumalakou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35958","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13318-6","article-title":"Hourly remote sensing monitoring of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in Taihu Lake based on GOCI images","volume":"28","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9867-3","article-title":"Quantitative determination by screening ELISA and HPLC-MS\/MS of microcystins LR, LY, LA, YR, RR, LF, LW, and nodularin in the water of Occhito lake and crops","volume":"408","author":"Barbaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115208","article-title":"Irrigation of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) with microcystin-enriched water holds low risk for plants and their associated rhizopheric and epiphytic microbiome","volume":"266","author":"Petrou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakr, A., Alzain, M.N., Alzamel, N.M., and Loutfy, N. (2022). Accumulation of microcystin from Oscillatoria limnetica Lemmermann and Microcystis aeruginosa (K\u00fctzing) in two leafy green vegetable crop plants Lactuca sativa L. and Eruca sativa. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11131733"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wijewickrama, M.M., and Manage, P.M. (2019). Accumulation of Microcystin-LR in grains of two rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) and a leafy vegetable, Ipomoea aquatica. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11080432"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"435","article-title":"Taxonomic diversity and toxicological assessment of Cyanobacteria in Moroccan inland waters","volume":"22","author":"Douma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. L\u2019eau"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10029","article-title":"Detection and quantification of microcystins from cyanobacteria strains isolated from reservoirs and ponds in Morocco","volume":"17","author":"Oudra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.12.012","article-title":"Intracellular and dissolved microcystin in reservoirs of the river Segura basin, Murcia, SE Spain","volume":"45","author":"Aboal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haida, M., El Khalloufi, F., Mugani, R., Redouane, E.M., Campos, A., Vasconcelos, V., and Oudra, B. (2022). Effects of Irrigation with Microcystin-Containing Water on Growth, Physiology, and Antioxidant Defense in Strawberry Fragaria vulgaris under Hydroponic Culture. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14030198"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01426-9","article-title":"Self-assembled BiVO4 mesocrystals for efficient photocatalytic decontamination of microcystin-LR","volume":"20","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.11.020","article-title":"Effect of microcystins on root growth, oxidative response, and exudation of rice (Oryza sativa)","volume":"149","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llana-Ruiz-Cabello, M., Jos, A., Came\u00e1n, A., Oliveira, F., Barreiro, A., Machado, J., Azevedo, J., Pinto, E., Almeida, A., and Campos, A. (2019). Analysis of the Use of Cylindrospermopsin and\/or Microcystin-Contaminated Water in the Growth, Mineral Content, and Contamination of Spinacia oleracea and Lactuca sativa. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110624"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127157","article-title":"Response of hormone in rice seedlings to irrigation contaminated with cyanobacterial extract containing microcystins","volume":"256","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.09.013","article-title":"Combined effects of microcystin and nitrite on the growth, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant responses of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calycif lorus","volume":"192","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-016-1714-y","article-title":"Interactive effects of cadmium and Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacterium) on the growth, antioxidative responses and accumulation of cadmium and microcystins in rice seedlings","volume":"25","author":"Kuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.08.070","article-title":"Interactive effects of microcystin and ammonia on the reproductive performance and phenotypic traits of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus","volume":"147","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110351","article-title":"Responses of antioxidative enzymes and gene expression in Oryza sativa L and Cucumis sativus L seedlings to microcystins stress","volume":"193","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.04.011","article-title":"Effect of irrigation with microcystins-contaminated water on growth and fruit quality of Cucumis sativus L. and the health risk","volume":"204","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.12.004","article-title":"Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaf-proteome profiles after exposure to cylindrospermopsin and a microcystin-LR\/cylindrospermopsin mixture: A concentration-dependent response","volume":"110","author":"Freitas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.051","article-title":"Combined toxicity of microcystin-LR and copper on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)","volume":"206","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"2028","article-title":"Impact of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) on growth and root development of in vitro Vicia faba cultures","volume":"12","author":"Lahrouni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Appl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.07.066","article-title":"Increment of root membrane permeability caused by microcystins result in more elements uptake in rice (Oryza sativa)","volume":"145","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3746-z","article-title":"Response and recovery of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings to irrigation with microcystin-contaminated water","volume":"73","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of microcystins at different rice growth stages on its yield, quality, and safety","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut.Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.11.003","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and harmful effects of microcystin-LR in the aquatic plants Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza and the filamentous alga Chladophora fracta","volume":"61","author":"Mitrovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-014-0482-2","article-title":"Dynamics of the toxic cyanobacterial microcystin-leucine-arginine peptide in agricultural soil","volume":"12","author":"Corbel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO Chron., 38, 104\u2013108."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620200421","article-title":"Uptake, effects, and metabolism of cyanobacterial toxins in the emergent reed plant Phragmites australis (cav.) trin. ex steud","volume":"20","author":"Pflugmacher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6061837","article-title":"Exposure of Lycopersicon esculentum to microcystin-LR: Effects in the leaf proteome and toxin translocation from water to leaves and fruits","volume":"6","author":"Campos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-35-6S-83.1","article-title":"Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria\u2014III. Effect of pH and temperature","volume":"35","author":"Harada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.10.001","article-title":"Stimulation effect of microcystin-LR on matrix metalloproteinase-2\/-9 expression in mouse liver","volume":"199","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00101-8","article-title":"Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria\u2014II. Effect of UV light on decomposition and isomerization","volume":"33","author":"Tsuji","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00042-7","article-title":"Risk of cyanobacterial toxins in Riga waters (Latvia)","volume":"34","author":"Eynard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.07.056","article-title":"Cyanobacterial toxins: Modes of actions, fate in aquatic and soil ecosystems, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation in agricultural crops","volume":"96","author":"Corbel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.08.028","article-title":"In situ studies on the bioaccumulation of microcystins in the phytoplanktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) stocked in Lake Taihu with dense toxic Microcystis blooms","volume":"261","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107345","article-title":"Tracing the fate of microcystins from irrigation water to food chains: Studies with Fragaria vulgaris and Meriones shawi","volume":"236","author":"Haida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2004.06.004","article-title":"Assimilation and depuration of microcystin\u2013LR by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha","volume":"69","author":"Pires","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2007.07.004","article-title":"Determination of microcystins in fish tissues using HPLC with a rapid and efficient solid phase extraction","volume":"271","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.3390\/md9122729","article-title":"Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and effects on aquatic animals","volume":"9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.01.124","article-title":"Risk assessment of microcystins in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from eight eutrophic lakes in China","volume":"140","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2013.09.006","article-title":"Evidence of trophic transfer of microcystins from the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis to the fish Gasterosteus aculeatus","volume":"31","author":"Lance","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2014.010","article-title":"Accumulation and effects of cyanobacterial microcystins and anatoxin-a on benthic larvae of Chironomus spp. (Diptera: Chironomidae)","volume":"111","author":"Toporowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(03)00006-0","article-title":"Exposure of beef cattle to sub-clinical doses of Microcystis aeruginosa: Toxin bioaccumulation, physiological effects and human health risk assessment","volume":"41","author":"Orr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.02.005","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of microcystin contaminations in various vertebrates (fish, turtle, duck and water bird) from a large eutrophic Chinese lake, Lake Taihu, with toxic Microcystis blooms","volume":"407","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2020.03.007","article-title":"Microcystin in multiple life stages of Hexagenia limbata, with implications for toxin transfer","volume":"46","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1897\/05-029R.1","article-title":"Effects of microcystins on fish","volume":"25","author":"Malbrouck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2007.12.009","article-title":"First reported case of turtle deaths during a toxic Microcystis spp. bloom in Lake Oubeira, Algeria","volume":"71","author":"Nasri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, K., Gomes, A., Calado, L., Yasui, G., Assis, D., Henry, T., Fonseca, A., and Pinto, E. (2019). Toxicity of cyanopeptides from two microcystis strains on larval development of Astyanax altiparanae. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040220"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2014.09.003","article-title":"The role of tropical cyclones in stimulating cyanobacterial (Microcystis spp.) blooms in hypertrophic Lake Taihu, China","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boua\u00efcha, N., Miles, C.O., Beach, D.G., Labidi, Z., Djabri, A., Benayache, N.Y., and Nguyen-Quang, T. (2019). Structural diversity, characterization and toxicology of microcystins. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201910.0034.v1"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.12.001","article-title":"Microcystin (-LR) affects hormones level of male mice by damaging hypothalamic-pituitary system","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01629424","article-title":"Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR","volume":"118","author":"Ohta","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(09)60336-3","article-title":"Degradation and detoxification of microcystin-LR in drinking water by sequential use of UV and ozone","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.224.235","article-title":"A cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin-LR, induces apoptosis of sertoli cells by changing the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins","volume":"224","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20615","article-title":"In vivo studies on the immunotoxic effects of microcystins on rabbit","volume":"27","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003019","article-title":"Health hazards for terrestrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystems","volume":"34","author":"Briand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Stewart, I., Seawright, A.A., and Shaw, G.R. (2008). Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms: State of the Science and Research Needs, Springer."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/09670269710001737029","article-title":"Identification of a microcystin in benthic cyanobacteria linked to cattle deaths on alpine pastures in Switzerland","volume":"32","author":"Mez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.137.1.12","article-title":"Recovery of hepatic function and latent mortalities in sheep exposed to the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"137","author":"Carbis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2010.00196.x","article-title":"Switching toxin production on and off: Intermittent microcystin synthesis in a Microcystis bloom","volume":"3","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"49","article-title":"Mortality of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) suspected to be associated with the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"56","author":"Soll","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, L., Huang, F., Massey, I.Y., Wen, C., Zheng, S., Xu, S., and Yang, F. (2019). Effects of microcystin-LR on the microstructure and inflammation-related factors of jejunum in mice. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090482"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Yi, X., Liu, W., Zhang, C., Massey, I.Y., Yang, F., and Tian, L. (2020). A review of nephrotoxicity of microcystins. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110693"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.08.012","article-title":"Organic anion transporting polypeptides expressed in liver and brain mediate uptake of microcystin","volume":"203","author":"Fischer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.07.010","article-title":"Exposure routes and health effects of microcystins on animals and humans: A mini-review","volume":"151","author":"Massey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.02.007","article-title":"Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in fishponds and their effects on fish tissue","volume":"55","author":"Drobac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effects of microcystins toxins contaminated drinking water on hepatic problems in animals (cows and buffalos) and toxins removal chemical method","volume":"36","author":"Badar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Buffalo Bull."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Guo, J., Huang, F., Massey, I.Y., Huang, R., Li, Y., Wen, C., Ding, P., Zeng, W., and Liang, G. (2018). Removal of microcystin-LR by a novel native effective bacterial community designated as YFMCD4 isolated from Lake Taihu. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/347088"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000046","article-title":"Microcystin-LR-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human embryonic kidney and human kidney adenocarcinoma cell lines","volume":"161","author":"Piyathilaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-019-0212-2","article-title":"Effects of cyanobacterial toxins on the human gastrointestinal tract and the mucosal innate immune system","volume":"31","author":"Kubickova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20120","article-title":"Organ distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in freshwater fish at different trophic levels from the eutrophic Lake Chaohu, China","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3987","article-title":"Environmental drivers of cyanobacterial abundance and cyanotoxin production in backwaters of the Upper Mississippi River","volume":"38","author":"Giblin","year":"2022","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.029","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of microcystins in seston, zooplankton and fish: A case study in Lake Zumpango, Mexico","volume":"249","author":"Nandini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, K., Ding, Y., Zhang, W., Wu, M., Xiao, B., and Gu, P. (2023). Transmission of microcystins in natural systems and resource processes: A review of potential risks to humans health. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15070448"},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Vermeulen, N.P.E. (1996). Cytochromes P450 Metabolic and Toxicological Aspects, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manahan, S.E. (2002). Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367801335"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/29.6.1034","article-title":"Evaluation of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase by electrofocusing, and variations in isoform patterns","volume":"29","author":"Lilja","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6123354","article-title":"The fate of microcystins in the environment and challenges for monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"43","article-title":"Cyanobacterial toxins. Toxic Cyanobacteria","volume":"1","author":"Sivonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water A Guide Their Health Conseq. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2017.109.0027","article-title":"Analysis of microcystins in drinking water by ELISA and LC\/MS\/MS","volume":"109","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00847-4","article-title":"Detection and sequencing of the microcystin LR-degrading gene, mlrA, from new bacteria isolated from Japanese lakes","volume":"229","author":"Saito","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.11.4086-4094.1996","article-title":"Enzymatic pathway for the bacterial degradation of the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin LR","volume":"62","author":"Bourne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"6552","article-title":"Biodegradation of microcystin by a new Bacillus sp. isolated from a Saudi freshwater lake","volume":"9","author":"Alamri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2011.352","article-title":"Novel bacterial strains for the removal of microcystins from drinking water","volume":"63","author":"Lawton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40409-015-0001-3","article-title":"Biodegradation of [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR by a bacterium isolated from sediment of Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Lemes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v45i2.8175","article-title":"Biodegradation of microcystin analogues by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from Beira Lake Sri Lanka","volume":"45","author":"Idroos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Natl. Sci. Found. Sri Lanka"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115638","article-title":"A complete route for biodegradation of potentially carcinogenic cyanotoxin microcystin-LR in a novel indigenous bacterium","volume":"174","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massey, I.Y., and Yang, F. (2020). A mini review on microcystins and bacterial degradation. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040268"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.343","article-title":"Role of bacteria in the production and degradation of Microcystis cyanopeptides","volume":"5","author":"Briand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10013","article-title":"Characterisation of a gene cluster involved in bacterial degradation of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin LR","volume":"16","author":"Bourne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Q., Liu, K., Xu, K., Sun, R., Zhang, J., Yin, L., and Pu, Y. (2018). Further understanding of degradation pathways of microcystin-LR by an indigenous Sphingopyxis sp. in environmentally relevant pollution concentrations. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10120536"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/16\/4\/196\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:30:38Z","timestamp":1760106638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/16\/4\/196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins16040196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins16040196","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]}}}