{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:30:13Z","timestamp":1776817813319,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project MAR-01.03.01-FEAMP-0049"},{"name":"Operational Program Mar 2020, Portugal 2020"},{"name":"European Union (EU)"},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P."},{"name":"projects UIDB\/04326\/2020 (DOI: 10.54499\/UIDB\/04326\/2020), UIDP\/04326\/2020 (DOI: 10.54499\/UIDP\/04326\/2020) and LA\/P\/0101\/2020 (DOI:10.54499\/LA\/P\/0101\/2020) (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Okadaic acid (OA) is one of the most potent marine biotoxins, causing diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP). The proliferation of microalgae that produce OA and its analogues is frequent, threatening human health and socioeconomic development. Several methods have been tested to remove this biotoxin from aquatic systems, yet none has proven enough efficacy to solve the problem. In this work, we synthesized and characterized low-cost composites and tested their efficacy for OA adsorption in saltwater. For the synthesis of the composites, the following starting materials were considered: chitosan of low and medium molecular weight (CH-LW and CH-MW, respectively), activated carbon (AC), and montmorillonite (MMT). Characterization by vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and microscopy revealed differences in the mode of interaction of CH-LW and CH-MW with AC and MMT, suggesting that the interaction of CH-MW with MMT has mainly occurred on the surface of the clay particles and no sufficient intercalation of CH-MW into the MMT interlayers took place. Among the composites tested (CH-LW\/AC, CH-MW\/AC, CH-MW\/AC\/MMT, and CH-MW\/MMT), CH-MW\/MMT was the one that revealed lower OA adsorption efficiency, given the findings evidenced by the structural characterization. On the contrary, the CH-MW\/AC composite revealed the highest average percentage of OA adsorption (53 \u00b1 11%). Although preliminary, the results obtained in this work open up good perspectives for the use of this type of composite material as an adsorbent in the removal of OA from marine environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16040200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1713766218000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Potential of Chitosan-Based Composites for Adsorption of Diarrheic Shellfish Toxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0336-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana F.","family":"Leal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), 8005-039 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Farm\u00e1cia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-039 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia S. M.","family":"Amado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), 8005-039 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Farm\u00e1cia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-039 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0501-6672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Farm\u00e1cia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-039 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural (CQE), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Moleculares (IMS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9447-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria L. S.","family":"Cristiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), 8005-039 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Farm\u00e1cia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-039 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700016m","article-title":"Clarification of the C-35 Stereochemistries of Dinophysistoxin-1 and Dinophysistoxin-2 and Its Consequences for Binding to Protein Phosphatase","volume":"20","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2008). Marine Biotoxins in Shellfish-Okadaic Acid and Analogues-Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. 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