{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:02:37Z","timestamp":1770901357717,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["823860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["823860"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["2023.06491.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.06491.CEECIND"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["823860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["823860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023.06491.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.06491.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["823860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["823860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023.06491.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.06491.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanobacteria are cosmopolitan organisms; nonetheless, climate change and eutrophication are increasing the occurrence of cyanobacteria blooms (cyanoblooms), thereby raising the risk of cyanotoxins in water sources used for drinking, agriculture, and livestock. This study aimed to determine the presence of cyanobacteria, including toxigenic cyanobacteria and the occurrence of cyanotoxins in the El Pa\u00f1e reservoir located in the high-Andean region, Arequipa, Peru, to support water quality management. The study included morphological observation of cyanobacteria, molecular determination of cyanobacteria (16S rRNA analysis), and analysis of cyanotoxins encoding genes (mcyA for microcystins, cyrJ for cylindrospermopsins, sxtl for saxitoxins, and AnaC for anatoxins). In parallel, chemical analysis using Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) was performed to detect the presence of cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin, and anatoxin, among others) and quantification of Microcystin-LR. Morphological data show the presence of Dolichospermum sp., which was confirmed by molecular analysis. Microcystis sp. was also detected through 16S rRNA analysis and the presence of mcyA gene related to microcystin production was found in both cyanobacteria. Furthermore, microcystin-LR and demethylated microcystin-LR were identified by chemical analysis. The highest concentrations of microcystin-LR were 40.60 and 25.18 \u00b5g\/L, in May and November 2022, respectively. Microcystins were detected in cyanobacteria biomass. In contrast, toxins in water (dissolved) were not detected. Microcystin concentrations exceeded many times the values established in Peruvian regulation and the World Health Organization (WHO) in water intended for human consumption (1 \u00b5g\/L). This first comprehensive report integrates morphological, molecular, and chemical data and confirms the presence of two toxigenic cyanobacteria and the presence of microcystins in El Pa\u00f1e reservoir. This work points out the need to implement continuous monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in the reservoir and effective water management measures to protect the human population from exposure to these contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16090378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T07:52:08Z","timestamp":1724831528000},"page":"378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["New Report of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in El Pa\u00f1e Reservoir: A Threat for Water Quality in High-Andean Sources from PERU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9986-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Hugo","family":"Rodriguez Uro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cient\u00edfica Peruana SRL., Calle Tupac Amaru 511, Mariano Melgar, Arequipa 04006, Peru"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3757-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2552-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio Jorge","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Bedoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cient\u00edfica Peruana SRL., Calle Tupac Amaru 511, Mariano Melgar, Arequipa 04006, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betty","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn de Arequipa, Av. Independencia, s\/n, Arequipa 04001, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2976-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Ranilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn de Arequipa, Av. Daniel Alcides Carri\u00f3n, Arequipa 04002, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4621-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00483.x","article-title":"Cyanobacterial Diversity in Salar de Huasco, a High Altitude Saline Wetland in Northern Chile: An Example of Geographical Dispersion?","volume":"64","author":"Dorador","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.01.004","article-title":"Ecological Meta-Analysis of Bloom-Forming Planktonic Cyanobacteria in Argentina","volume":"83","author":"Motta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.13210","article-title":"Seasonality and Distribution of Cyanobacteria and Microcystin Toxin Genes in an Oligotrophic Lake of Atlantic Canada","volume":"57","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3390\/earth3010010","article-title":"Cyanobacterial Blooms: Current Knowledge and New Perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Moreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"295","article-title":"Taxonomic Classification of Cyanoprokaryotes (Cyanobacterial Genera) 2014, Using a Polyphasic Approach","volume":"86","author":"Johansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Preslia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurmayer, R., Sivonen, K., Wilmotte, A., and Salmaso, N. (2017). Application of Molecular Tools in Monitoring Cyanobacteria and Their Potential Toxin Production. Molecular Tools for the Detection and Quantification of Toxigenic Cyanobacteria, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119332169"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02524-4","article-title":"Global Geographical and Historical Overview of Cyanotoxin Distribution and Cyanobacterial Poisonings","volume":"93","author":"Tokodi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorus, I., and Welker, M. (2021). Cyanobacterial Toxins. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water; A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003081449"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1913-6","article-title":"Cyanotoxins: Producing Organisms, Occurrence, Toxicity, Mechanism of Action and Human Health Toxicological Risk Evaluation","volume":"91","author":"Buratti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arman, T., and Clarke, J.D. (2021). Microcystin Toxicokinetics, Molecular Toxicology, and Pathophysiology in Preclinical Rodent Models and Humans. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13080537"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003","article-title":"Anabaena\/Dolichospermum as the Source of Lethal Microcystin Levels Responsible for a Large Cattle Toxicosis Event","volume":"1","author":"Dreher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicon X"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piontek, M., Czy\u017cewska, W., and Mazur-Marzec, H. (2023). Effects of Harmful Cyanobacteria on Drinking Water Source Quality and Ecosystems. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4399302"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0040-1","article-title":"Cyanobacterial Blooms","volume":"16","author":"Huisman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignale, F.A., Kurth, D., Lencina, A.I., Poir\u00e9, D.G., Chihuailaf, E., Mu\u00f1oz-Herrera, N.C., Novoa, F., Contreras, M., Turjanski, A.G., and Far\u00edas, M.E. (2021). Geobiology of Andean Microbial Ecosystems Discovered in Salar de Atacama, Chile. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.762076"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/23766808.2022.2040276","article-title":"Littoral Macrobenthic Communities and Water Quality in El Pa\u00f1e Reservoir, Arequipa, Peru","volume":"8","author":"Damborenea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neotrop. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"37","article-title":"Application of WASP Model for Assessment of Water Quality for Eutrophication Control for a Reservoir in the Peruvian Andes","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lakes Reserv. Sci. Policy Manag. Sustain. Use"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecohyd.2020.08.004","article-title":"Bioenergetic and Water Quality Modeling for Eutrophication Assessment of El Pa\u00f1e Reservoir, Peru","volume":"21","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-11487-0","article-title":"Evaluation of Planktonic Cyanobacteria in Peruvian Freshwater Lentic Water Bodies: Prevalence and Regulatory Framework to Aid Policy Making","volume":"195","author":"Robles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cyanoprokaryota: 3rd Part: Heterocystous Genera","volume":"Volume 19\/3","author":"Krienitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"S\u00fc\u00dfwasserflora von Mitteleuropa"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160291","article-title":"Short-Term Characterisation of Climatic-Environmental Variables and Microbial Community Diversity in a High-Altitude Andean Wetland (Salar de Huasco, Chile)","volume":"859","author":"Paquis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaysina, L.A., Saraf, A., and Singh, P. (2018). Cyanobacteria in Diverse Habitats. Cyanobacteria: From Basic Science to Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814667-5.00001-5"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.139","article-title":"Eutrophication: A New Wine in an Old Bottle?","volume":"651","author":"Souchon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-015-2298-x","article-title":"Cyanobacterial Water Bloom of Limnoraphis Robusta in the Lago Mayor of Lake Titicaca. Can It Develop?","volume":"764","author":"Montoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"381","article-title":"Cyanobacterial Species, Potentially Forming Water-Blooms in the Lake Titicaca (Peru)","volume":"21","author":"Montoya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arnaldoa"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2023.102531","article-title":"Microcystin Aids in Cold Temperature Acclimation: Differences between a Toxic Microcystis Wildtype and Non-Toxic Mutant","volume":"129","author":"Stark","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2017.05.004","article-title":"Biogeography of Bloom-Forming Microcystin Producing and Non-Toxigenic Populations of Dolichospermum Lemmermannii (Cyanobacteria)","volume":"67","author":"Capelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, C., Gomes, C., Vasconcelos, V., and Antunes, A. (2020). Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12030154"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boua\u00efcha, N., Miles, C.O., Beach, D.G., Labidi, Z., Djabri, A., Benayache, N.Y., and Nguyen-Quang, T. (2019). Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201910.0034.v1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2015.10.015","article-title":"An Overview of Diversity, Occurrence, Genetics and Toxin Production of Bloom-Forming Dolichospermum (Anabaena) Species","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Zhu, X., Wu, Z., Sun, T., and Tong, Y. (2023). Recent Advances in Cyanotoxin Synthesis and Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112636"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143197","article-title":"Overview of Toxic Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Ibero-American Freshwaters: Challenges for Risk Management and Opportunities for Removal by Advanced Technologies","volume":"761","author":"Munoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triantis, T.M., Kaloudis, T., Zervou, S., and Hiskia, A. (2016). Solid-Phase Extraction of Microcystins and Nodularin from Drinking Water. Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119068761.ch39"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/92.6.1833","article-title":"Comparison of Signal-to-Noise, Blank Determination, and Linear Regression Methods for the Estimation of Detection and Quantification Limits for Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography","volume":"92","author":"Ling","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neilan, B.A., Jacobs, D., Del Dot, T., Blackall, L.L., Hawkins, P.R., Cox, P.T., and Goodman4, A.E. (1997). RRNA Sequences and Evolutionary Relationships among Toxic and Nontoxic Cyanobacteria of the Genus Microcystis, International Union of Microbiological Societies.","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-47-3-693"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.8.3327-3332.1997","article-title":"PCR Primers To Amplify 16S RRNA Genes from Cyanobacteria","volume":"63","author":"Muyzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2006.05.007","article-title":"Dynamics and Short-Term Survival of Toxic Cyanobacteria Species in Ballast Water from NOBOB Vessels Transiting the Great Lakes-Implications for HAB Invasions","volume":"6","author":"Doblin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-003-0605-9","article-title":"PCR-Based Identification of Microcystin-Producing Genotypes of Different Cyanobacterial Genera","volume":"180","author":"Hisbergues","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2810-2818.2001","article-title":"Detection of Toxigenicity by a Probe for the Microcystin Synthetase a Gene (McyA) of the Cyanobacterial Genus Microcystis: Comparison of Toxicities with 16S RRNa and Phycocyanin Operon (Phycocyanin Intergenic Spacer) Phylogenies","volume":"67","author":"Tillett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.9.2774-2785.2003","article-title":"Natural Variation in the Microcystin Synthetase Operon McyABC and Impact on Microcystin Production in Microcystis Strains","volume":"185","author":"Mikalsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20103","article-title":"Identification of Potentially Toxic Environmental Microcystis by Individual and Multiple PCR Amplification of Specific Microcystin Synthetase Gene Regions. In Proceedings of the Environmental Toxicology","volume":"20","author":"Ouahid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01988-07","article-title":"Characterization of the Gene Cluster Responsible for Cylindrospermopsin Biosynthesis","volume":"74","author":"Mihali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2011.10.005","article-title":"Phylogenetic, Chemical and Morphological Diversity of Cyanobacteria from Portuguese Temperate Estuaries","volume":"73","author":"Lopes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7271","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06022-11","article-title":"Anatoxin-a Synthetase Gene Cluster of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Sp. Strain 37 and Molecular Methods to Detect Potential Producers","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/16\/9\/378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:44:17Z","timestamp":1760111057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/16\/9\/378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins16090378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins16090378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]}}}