{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T20:35:35Z","timestamp":1773520535529,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/ASP-PLA\/6228\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASP-PLA\/6228\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["PTDC\/ASP-PLA\/6228\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASP-PLA\/6228\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Erasmus scholarship","award":["PTDC\/ASP-PLA\/6228\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASP-PLA\/6228\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Erasmus scholarship","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Erasmus scholarship","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The red palm weevil (RPW; Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a destructive pest affecting palms worldwide, capable of causing significant economic losses and ecological damage in managed palm ecosystems. Current management heavily relies on synthetic insecticides, but their overuse fosters resistance. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) offers a promising alternative, producing toxins selective against various insect orders, including Coleoptera. However, no specific Bt toxin has yet been identified for RPW. This study investigates the toxicity against RPW larvae of the Bt Cry1Ia protoxin, known for its dual activity against Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. A laboratory RPW colony was reared for two generations, ensuring a reliable insect source for bioassays. Cry1Ia was expressed as a 6xHis-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coli and purified using nickel affinity. Incubation with RPW larval gut proteases for 24 h produced a stable core of ~65 kDa. Diet-incorporation bioassays revealed high Cry1Ia toxicity in neonate larvae. In contrast, the lepidopteran-active Cry1Ac protoxin, used as a robust negative control, was completely degraded after 24 h of in vitro proteolysis and showed no toxicity in bioassays. Cry1Ia-fed larvae exhibited significant midgut cell damage, characteristic of Bt intoxication. These findings highlight Cry1Ia\u2019s strong potential for integration into RPW management programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17020084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T12:12:16Z","timestamp":1739362336000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Proteolytic Activation, Toxic Effects, and Midgut Histopathology of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ia Protoxin in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5579-677X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilo","family":"Ayra-Pardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avda. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Ramar\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Polytech Clermont, Campus Universitaire des C\u00e9zeaux 2 Avenue Blaise Pascal TSA 60206, 63178 Aubi\u00e8re Cedex, France"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2013Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avda. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2013Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2013Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2013Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Am\u00e9rico","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avda. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2013Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avda. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2013Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485314000121","article-title":"Study of the flying ability of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) adults using a computer-monitored flight mill","volume":"104","author":"Soto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Entom. 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