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The use of combined biocontrol agents (BCAs) is a promising strategy for controlling this hazard. The goal of this study is to assess the effect of D. hansenii, S. xylosus, and P. chrysogenum as BCAs on the metabolome of two strains of P. nordicum and to understand the differences between both strains. Each ochratoxigenic strain was inoculated both individually and in combination with the BCAs onto ham for 30 days under the environmental conditions experienced during traditional ripening. Untargeted metabolomics was performed through mass spectrometry using a Q-Exactive Plus Orbitrap. The BCAs caused alterations in the metabolomes of both ochratoxigenic moulds, mainly in phenylalanine catabolism and the valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis pathways, although with some differences. In the absence of the BCAs, the metabolomes of both types of P. nordicum were globally changed, despite these being moulds of the same species. In conclusion, these data help us to understand the differences between OTA-producing strains in dry-cured ham and confirm the need to demonstrate the efficacy of BCAs against a wide range of toxigenic moulds before they can be used to minimise OTA contamination in the meat industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17050236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T06:18:51Z","timestamp":1746771531000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Biocontrol Agents on the Metabolome of Penicillium nordicum Strains and Its Relation to Ochratoxin A Production on Dry-Cured Ham"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5290-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Cebri\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s\/n, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2392-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elia","family":"Roncero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s\/n, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Luz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, BioISI Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s\/n, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Sousa Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, BioISI Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, BioISI Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-6162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s\/n, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui, Y.H., Meunier-Goddik, L., Josephsen, J., Nip, W.K., and Stanfield, P.S. 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