{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T17:35:58Z","timestamp":1772127358964,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]],"date-time":"2011-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The safety characteristics of feed used in fish and crustacean aquaculture systems are an essential tool to assure the productivity of those animal exploitations. Safety of feed may be affected by different hazards, including biological and chemical groups. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate fungi contamination and the presence of aflatoxins in 87 samples of feed for sea bass, collected in Portugal. Molds were found in 35 samples (40.2%) in levels ranging from 1 to 3.3 log10 CFU\u2219g\u22121. Six genera of molds were found. Aspergillus flavus was the most frequent, found in all positive samples, with a range from 2 to 3.2 log10 CFU\u2219g\u22121. Aspergillus niger was found in 34 samples (39.1%), ranging from 1 to 2.7 log10 CFU\u2219g\u22121. Aspergillus glaucus was found in 26 samples (29.9%) with levels between 1 and 2.4 log10 CFU\u2219g\u22121. Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium spp. were both found in 25 samples (28.7%). Fusarium spp. was found in 22 samples (25.3%), ranging from 1 to 2.3 log10 CFU\u2219g\u22121. All feed samples were screened for aflatoxins using a HPLC technique, with a detection limit of 1.0 \u03bcg\u2219kg\u22121. All samples were aflatoxin negative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins3030163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]],"date-time":"2011-02-25T10:46:03Z","timestamp":1298630763000},"page":"163-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Mycobiota and Aflatoxin B1 in Feed for Farmed Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas Filipa","family":"Martins Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Direc\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Veterin\u00e1ria, Largo da Academia Nacional de Belas Artes, n\u00ba 2, 1249-105 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Herm\u00ednia Marina Lourdes","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRB, I.P., Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Veterin\u00e1ria, Servi\u00e7o de Micologia, Estrada de Benfica 701, 1549-011 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara Maria Oliveira","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRB, I.P., Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Veterin\u00e1ria, Servi\u00e7o de Micologia, Estrada de Benfica 701, 1549-011 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Suzana","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direc\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Veterin\u00e1ria, Largo da Academia Nacional de Belas Artes, n\u00ba 2, 1249-105 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel Gaspar","family":"Nunes da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direc\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Veterin\u00e1ria, Largo da Academia Nacional de Belas Artes, n\u00ba 2, 1249-105 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando Manuel","family":"D\u00b4Almeida Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTL, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, CIISA-P\u00f3lo Universit\u00e1rio Rua Prof.Cid Santos, Alto da Ajuda, 1300-417 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2004). 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Available online:http:\/\/irmm.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/SiteCollectionDocuments\/EC-1831-2003.pdf."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/3\/3\/163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:55:20Z","timestamp":1760219720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/3\/3\/163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins3030163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins3030163","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]]}}}