{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:58:38Z","timestamp":1772647118837,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]],"date-time":"2015-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028029;PTDC\/AGR-TEC\/3900\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028029;PTDC\/AGR-TEC\/3900\/2012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zearalenone (ZEA) and its derivatives are mycotoxins with estrogenic effects on mammals. The biotransformation for ZEA in animals involves the formation of two major metabolites, \u03b1- and \u03b2-zearalenol (\u03b1-ZOL and \u03b2-ZOL), which are subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid. The capability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from silage to eliminate ZEA and its derivatives \u03b1-ZOL and \u03b2-ZOL was investigated as, also, the mechanisms involved. Strains were grown on Yeast Extract-Peptone-Dextrose medium supplemented with the mycotoxins and their elimination from medium was quantified over time by HPLC-FL. A significant effect on the concentration of ZEA was observed, as all the tested strains were able to eliminate more than 90% of the mycotoxin from the culture medium in two days. The observed elimination was mainly due to ZEA biotransformation into \u03b2-ZOL (53%) and \u03b1-ZOL (8%) rather than to its adsorption to yeast cells walls. Further, the biotransformation of \u03b1-ZOL was not observed but a small amount of \u03b2-ZOL (6%) disappeared from culture medium. ZEA biotransformation by yeasts may not be regarded as a full detoxification process because both main end-products are still estrogenic. Nonetheless, it was observed that the biotransformation favors the formation of \u03b2-ZOL which is less estrogenic than ZEA and \u03b1-ZOL. This metabolic effect is only possible if active strains are used as feed additives and may play a role in the detoxification performance of products with viable S. cerevisiae cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7083297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]],"date-time":"2015-08-20T10:16:28Z","timestamp":1440065788000},"page":"3297-3308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Zearalenone and Its Derivatives \u03b1-Zearalenol and \u03b2-Zearalenol Decontamination by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains Isolated from Bovine Forage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Luiz","family":"Keller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Agrossocioambiental Sustent\u00e1vel,  Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Vital Brazil n.64, Niter\u00f3i 24230-340, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7234-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Abrunhosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB (Centre of Biological Engineering), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar,  Braga 4710-057, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,  Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunolog\u00eda Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterin\u00e1ria, Rodovia BR 465  Km 7, Serop\u00e9dica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Lilia","family":"Cavaglieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto,  Ruta 36 km. 601, R\u00edo Cuarto 5800, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0723-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Ven\u00e2ncio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB (Centre of Biological Engineering), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar,  Braga 4710-057, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00471-1","article-title":"Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals","volume":"167","author":"Hussein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.07.030","article-title":"Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: An oestrogenic mycotoxin","volume":"45","author":"Zinedine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005034","article-title":"Bioactivation of zearalenone by porcine hepatic biotransformation","volume":"36","author":"Malekinejad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00259-2","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships for human estrogenic activity in zearalenone mycotoxins","volume":"39","author":"Shier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) (2011). Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food. EFSA J., 9, 124.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2405"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982003000300013","article-title":"Reduction of toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 by using baker yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in growing broiler chicks diets","volume":"32","author":"Savas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5380\/avs.v8i2.4035","article-title":"Low level of aflatoxin in broiler at experimental conditions. Use of cell wall yeast as adsorbent of aflatoxin","volume":"8","author":"Santin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-023","article-title":"Binding of zearalenone, aflatoxin B1, and ochratoxin A by yeast-based products: a method for quantification of adsorption performance","volume":"74","author":"Tozlovanu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2008.1002","article-title":"Probiotics in animal nutrition and health","volume":"1","author":"Durand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2005.10.004","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria as potential mycotoxin decontaminating agents","volume":"17","author":"Shetty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023576520932","article-title":"A novel technique to evaluate interactions between Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall and mycotoxins: Application to zearalenone","volume":"25","author":"Yiannikouris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1021\/bm049775g","article-title":"Comprehensive conformational study of key interactions involved in zearalenone complexation with beta-D-glucans","volume":"5","author":"Yiannikouris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.4.571","article-title":"Efficacy of esterified glucomannan to counteract mycotoxicosis in naturally contaminated feed on performance and serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broilers","volume":"82","author":"Aravind","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"38","article-title":"Effect of dietary addition of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on some performance parameters of adult Japanese quail induced by aflatoxicosis","volume":"155","author":"Yildiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS-08-2012-0089","article-title":"Assessing the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to bind Aflatoxin B1 from contaminated medium","volume":"43","author":"Sahebghalam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7041151","article-title":"Saccharomyces Cerevisiae cell wall components as tools for ochratoxin A decontamination","volume":"7","author":"Piotrowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-90162002000200008","article-title":"Thermolysed and active yeast to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin","volume":"59","author":"Baptista","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"101","article-title":"Effect of yeast cell wall on the performance of broiler chickens intoxicated with aflatoxin B1","volume":"34","author":"Keller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05331.x","article-title":"Adsorption of ochratoxin A and zearalenone by potential probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and its relation with cell wall thickness","volume":"113","author":"Armando","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620030304","article-title":"Metabolism of the Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol by yeast strains of technological relevance","volume":"3","author":"Engelhardt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03192217","article-title":"Fermentation of wort containing deoxynivalenol and zearalenone","volume":"8","author":"Scott","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2013.1638","article-title":"Evaluation of zearalenone, \u03b1-zearalenol, \u03b2-zearalenol, zearalenone 4-sulfate and \u03b2-zearalenol 4-glucoside levels during the ensiling process","volume":"7","author":"Sulyok","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"FOCUS (2006). Guidance Document on Estimating Persistence and Degradation Kinetics from Environmental Fate Studies on Pesticides in EU Registration, Report of the FOCUS work group on degradation kinetics. EC Document Reference Sanco\/10058\/2005 version 2.0."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030601101110","article-title":"Screening of fermentative bacteria for their ability to bind and biotransform deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins in an in vitro simulated corn silage model","volume":"24","author":"Niderkorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/7\/8\/3297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:03Z","timestamp":1760215623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/7\/8\/3297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins7083297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins7083297","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]]}}}