{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:05:12Z","timestamp":1761609912810,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]],"date-time":"2015-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Okadaic acid and its analogues are potent phosphatase inhibitors that cause Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) through the ingestion of contaminated shellfish by humans. This group of toxins is transmitted worldwide but the number of poisoning incidents has declined over the last 20 years due to legislation and monitoring programs that were implemented for bivalves. In the summer of 2012 and 2013, we collected a total of 101 samples of 22 different species that were made up of benthic and subtidal organisms such echinoderms, crustaceans, bivalves and gastropods from Madeira, S\u00e3o Miguel Island (Azores archipelago) and the northwestern coast of Morocco. The samples were analyzed by UPLC-MS\/MS. Our main objective was to detect new vectors for these biotoxins. We can report nine new vectors for these toxins in the North Atlantic: Astropecten aranciacus, Arbacia lixula, Echinaster sepositus, Holothuria sanctori, Ophidiaster ophidianus, Onchidella celtica, Aplysia depilans, Patella spp., and Stramonita haemostoma. Differences in toxin contents among the species were found. Even though low concentrations were detected, the levels of toxins that were present, especially in edible species, indicate the importance of these types of studies. Routine monitoring should be extended to comprise a wider number of vectors other than for bivalves of okadaic acid and its analogues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7124885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T15:21:41Z","timestamp":1449674501000},"page":"5337-5347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["New Invertebrate Vectors of Okadaic Acid from the North Atlantic Waters\u2014Portugal (Azores and Madeira) and Morocco"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Marisa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research\u2013CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Barreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research\u2013CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6213-3229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research\u2013CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Madeira, Marine Biology Station of Funchal, 9000-107 Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Interdisciplinary Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira\u2014CIIMAR-Madeira, Edif\u00edcio Madeira Tecnopolo, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0708-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research\u2013CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Marine Biology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Meryem","family":"Hassouani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycology Research Unit\u2014Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, University Chouaib Doukkali, BP20 El Jadida, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Brahim","family":"Sabour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycology Research Unit\u2014Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, University Chouaib Doukkali, BP20 El Jadida, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Amparo","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Botana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research\u2013CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00399a081","article-title":"Acanthifolicin, a new episufide-containing polyether carboxylic acid from extracts of the marine sponge pandaros acanthifolium","volume":"103","author":"Schmitz","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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