{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:56:24Z","timestamp":1770987384800,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]],"date-time":"2016-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fusarium verticillioides is considered one of the most important global sources of fumonisins contamination in food and feed. Corn is one of the main commodities produced in the Northeastern Region of Brazil. The present study investigated potential mycotoxigenic fungal strains belonging to the F. verticillioides species isolated from corn kernels in 3 different Regions of the Brazilian State of Pernambuco. A polyphasic approach including classical taxonomy, molecular biology, MALDI-TOF MS and MALDI-TOF MS\/MS for the identification and characterisation of the F. verticillioides strains was used. Sixty F. verticillioides strains were isolated and successfully identified by classical morphology, proteomic profiles of MALDI-TOF MS, and by molecular biology using the species-specific primers VERT-1 and VERT-2. FUM1 gene was further detected for all the 60 F. verticillioides by using the primers VERTF-1 and VERTF-2 and through the amplification profiles of the ISSR regions using the primers (GTG)5 and (GACA)4. Results obtained from molecular analysis shown a low genetic variability among these isolates from the different geographical regions. All of the 60 F. verticillioides isolates assessed by MALDI-TOF MS\/MS presented ion peaks with the molecular mass of the fumonisin B1 (721.83 g\/mol) and B2 (705.83 g\/mol).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]],"date-time":"2016-02-24T04:09:51Z","timestamp":1456286991000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Polyphasic Approach Including MALDI-TOF MS\/MS Analysis for Identification and Characterisation of Fusarium verticillioides in Brazilian Corn Kernels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Susane","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s\/n, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-420, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariele","family":"Porto Carneiro-Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s\/n, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-420, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benny","family":"Ferreira de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s\/n, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-420, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Souza-Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s\/n, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-420, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2185-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cledir","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources, CIBAMA, BIOREN-UFRO, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 01145 Temuco, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neiva","family":"Tinti de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s\/n, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-420, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cruz, J.C. (2010). Cultivo do Milho, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo. [6th ed.]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18021660","article-title":"Production of polygalacturonases by Aspergillus section Nigri strains in a fixed bed reactor","volume":"18","author":"Maciel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2014.03.018","article-title":"Purification of polygalacturonases produced by Aspergillus niger using an aqueous two-phase system","volume":"371","author":"Maciel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilib."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-012-0196-4","article-title":"White-rot fungi capable of decolourising textile dyes under alkaline conditions","volume":"58","author":"Ottoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-012-0854-6","article-title":"Filamentous fungi from the Atlantic marine sponge Dragmacidon reticulatum","volume":"195","author":"Passarini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2174\/157340708786847906","article-title":"Mutagenic and inhibitory compounds produced by fungi affect detrimentally diagnosis and phylogenetic analyses","volume":"4","author":"Paterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Bioact. Comp."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8020456","article-title":"Filamentous fungi in drinking water, particularly in relation to biofilm formation","volume":"8","author":"Siqueira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2012-0529","article-title":"Biofilms from a Brazilian water distribution system include filamentous fungi","volume":"59","author":"Siqueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, P.N.C., Grigoletto, T.L.B., Moraes, L.A.B., Abreu, L.M., Guimar\u00e3es, L.H.S., Santos, C., Galv\u00e3o, L.R., and Cardoso, P.G. (2016). Production and chemical characterization of pigments in filamentous fungi. Microbiology, 162.","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000168"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"303","article-title":"Differential effect of environmental conditions on the growth and regulation of the fumonisin biosynthetic gene FUM1 in the maize pathogens and fumonisin producers Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum","volume":"73","author":"Magan","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2009.02576.x","article-title":"Fumonisin B1 production by Fusarium proliferatum strains isolated from Allium fistulosum plants and seeds in Japan","volume":"48","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822009000100023","article-title":"Detection of fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides in paddy (Oryza sativa L.) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)","volume":"40","author":"Maheshwar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8565","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0514827","article-title":"Fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides isolated from maize in Mexico and development of a polymerase chain reaction to detect potential toxigenic strains in grains","volume":"53","author":"Plasencia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1139\/W06-135","article-title":"Sequence variability in the FUM1 gene of Fusarium verticillioides strains","volume":"53","author":"Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/08905430802043206","article-title":"A PCR-based assay for the detection and differentiation of potential fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides isolated from Indian Maize Kernels","volume":"22","author":"Sreenivasa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0434.2007.01319.x","article-title":"Use of RAPD and ISSR markers in detection of genetic variation and population structure among Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Isolates on Chickpea in Turkey","volume":"156","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EJPP.0000032392.20106.81","article-title":"Genetic markers for the analysis of variability and for production of specific diagnostic sequences in fumonisin-producing strains of Fusarium verticillioides","volume":"110","author":"Mirete","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.05116.x","article-title":"Species identification of Aspergillus section Flavi isolates from Portuguese almonds using phenotypic, including MALDI-TOF ICMS, and molecular approaches","volume":"111","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04448.x","article-title":"Filamentous fungal characterisations by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry","volume":"108","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-015-1050-0","article-title":"Use of a polyphasic approach including MALDI-TOF MS for identification of Aspergillus section Flavi strains isolated from food commodities in Brazil","volume":"65","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2013.01.009","article-title":"The use of MALDI-TOF ICMS as an alternative tool for Trichophyton rubrum identification and typing","volume":"32","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Cl\u00edn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.12.008","article-title":"Development and optimization of a new MALDI-TOF protocol for identification of the Sporothrix species complex","volume":"166","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.08.008","article-title":"Matrix assisted laser desorption \u2044ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in clinical chemistry","volume":"337","author":"Marvin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3949","article-title":"Evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization (MALDI) preparation techniques for surface characterization of intact Fusarium spores by MALDI linear time-of flight mass spectrometry","volume":"23","author":"Kemptner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3067-3","article-title":"Development of a MALDI two-layer volume sample preparation technique for analysis of colored conidia spores of Fusarium by MALDI linear TOF mass spectrometry","volume":"395","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Banoub, J. (2009). Detection of Biological Agents for the Prevention of Bioterrorism, Springer."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s40858-015-0027-7","article-title":"MALDI-TOF MS to identify the pineapple pathogen Fusarium guttiforme and its antagonist Trichoderma asperellum on decayed pineapple","volume":"40","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2008.08.009","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships for dipeptide prodrugs of acyclovir: Implications for prodrug design","volume":"44","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leslie, J.F., and Summerell, B.A. (2006). The Fusarium Laboratory Manual, Blackwell Publishing Professional.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470278376"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2012.03.014","article-title":"Phylogenetic analyses and toxigenic profiles of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium acuminatum isolated from cereals from Southern Europe","volume":"31","author":"Moretti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"34","article-title":"PCR based detection of fumonisin producing strains of Fusarium verticillioides and gene related to toxin production","volume":"2","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Bot."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Lima, M.L.F. (2005). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o Molecular de Esp\u00e9cies de Metarhizium e Patogenicidade Sobre Diatraea saccharalis. [Ph.D. Thesis, Federal University of Pernambuco]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-011-9402-1","article-title":"Toenail onychomycosis in a Portuguese geriatric population","volume":"172","author":"Dias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4565.2011.00305.x","article-title":"Incidence, phylogeny and mycotoxigenic potentials of fungi isolated from rice in Niger State, Nigeria","volume":"31","author":"Makun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an35164a","article-title":"Analysis of fumonisins B1 and B2 in spices and aromatic and medicinal herbs by HPLC-FLD with on-line post-column derivatization and positive confirmation by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"137","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822006000400007","article-title":"Geographical expansion of visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Pernambuco","volume":"39","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.6.1278","article-title":"PCR detection assay for fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides strains","volume":"67","author":"Patino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.3620330609","article-title":"Rapid identification and differentiation of yeasts by DNA and PCR fingerprinting","volume":"33","author":"Lieckfeldt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1649","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction fingerprint in fungi three using single primers specific to minisatelites and simple repetitive DNA sequence: Strain variation in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"6","author":"Meyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eletrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Rohlf, F.J. (1988). NTSYS-pc: Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System, Applied Biostatistics."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"223","article-title":"Nouvelles recherches sur la distribuition horale","volume":"44","author":"Jaccard","year":"1908","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132010000400026","article-title":"Fusarium verticillioides strains isolated from corn feed: Characterization by fumonisin production and RAPD fingerprinting","volume":"53","author":"Ono","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/8\/3\/54\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:19:35Z","timestamp":1760210375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/8\/3\/54"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins8030054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins8030054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]}}}