{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:27:40Z","timestamp":1761744460918,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cnidarian constitutes a great  source  of  bioactive  compounds.  However, research involving peptides from organisms belonging to the order Zoanthidea has received very little attention, contrasting to the numerous studies of the order Actiniaria, from which hundreds of toxic  peptides and proteins have been reported. In this work, we performed a mass spectrometry analysis of a low molecular weight (LMW) fraction previously reported as lethal to mice. The low molecular weight (LMW) fraction was obtained by gel filtration of a Zoanthus sociatus (order Zoanthidea) crude extract with a Sephadex G\u201050, and then analyzed by matrix\u2010assisted laser desorption\/ionization time\u2010of\u2010flight\/time\u2010of\u2010flight (MALDI\u2010TOF\/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) in positive ion reflector mode from m\/z 700 to m\/z 4000. Afterwards, some of the most intense and representative MS ions were fragmented by MS\/MS with no  significant  results  obtained  by  Protein  Pilot  protein  identification  software  and  the  Mascot  algorithm  search.  However, microcystin masses were detected by mass\u2010matching against libraries of non\u2010ribosomal peptide database (NORINE). Subsequent reversed\u2010phase C18 HPLC (in isocratic elution mode) and mass spectrometry analyses corroborated the presence of the cyanotoxin Microcystin\u2010LR (MC\u2010LR). To the best of our knowledge, this finding constitutes the first report of MC\u2010LR in Z. sociatus, and one of the few evidences of such cyanotoxin in cnidarians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9030089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]],"date-time":"2017-03-02T10:08:28Z","timestamp":1488449308000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Microcystin\u2010LR\u00a0Detected\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0Low\u00a0Molecular\u00a0Weight\u00a0 Fraction\u00a0from\u00a0a\u00a0Crude\u00a0Extract\u00a0of\u00a0Zoanthus\u00a0sociatus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5211-972X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dany","family":"Dom\u00ednguez\u2010P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450\u2010208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169\u2010007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Peptide Chemistry, Hanover Medical School (MHH), Feodor\u2010Lynen\u2010Stra\u00dfe 31, D\u201030625 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200\u2010135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200\u2010135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200\u2010319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450\u2010208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of La Habana, 25 St 455, CP 10400 La Habana, Cuba"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450\u2010208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169\u2010007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-1732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450\u2010208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169\u2010007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.105.011064","article-title":"Stichodactyla helianthus peptide, a pharmacological tool for studying Kv3.2 channels","volume":"67","author":"Yan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2004.02.010","article-title":"Construction of an immunotoxin with the pore forming protein StI and ior C5, a monoclonal antibody against a colon cancer cell line","volume":"4","author":"Tejuca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. 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