{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:38:47Z","timestamp":1769517527452,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,3]],"date-time":"2017-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanobacteria blooms are frequent in freshwaters and are responsible for water quality deterioration and human intoxication. Although, not a new phenomenon, concern exists on the increasing persistence, scale, and toxicity of these blooms. There is evidence, in recent years, of the transfer of these toxins from inland to marine waters through freshwater outflow. However, the true impact of these blooms in marine habitats has been overlooked. In the present work, we describe the detection of Planktothrix agardhii, which is a common microcystin producer, in the Portuguese marine coastal waters nearby a river outfall in an area used for shellfish harvesting and recreational activities. P. agardhii was first observed in November of 2016 in seawater samples that are in the scope of the national shellfish monitoring system. This occurrence was followed closely between November and December of 2016 by a weekly sampling of mussels and water from the sea pier and adjacent river mouth with salinity ranging from 35 to 3. High cell densities were found in the water from both sea pier and river outfall, reaching concentrations of 4,960,608 cells\u00b7L\u22121 and 6810.3 \u00d7 106 cells\u00b7L\u22121 respectively. Cultures were also established with success from the environment and microplate salinity growth assays showed that the isolates grew at salinity 10. HPLC-PDA analysis of total microcystin content in mussel tissue, water biomass, and P. agardhii cultures did not retrieve a positive result. In addition, microcystin related genes were not detected in the water nor cultures. So, the P. agardhii present in the environment was probably a non-toxic strain. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on a P. agardhii bloom reaching the sea and points to the relevance to also monitoring freshwater harmful phytoplankton and related toxins in seafood harvesting and recreational coastal areas, particularly under the influence of river plumes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9120391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T11:16:38Z","timestamp":1512386198000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Detection of a Planktothrix agardhii Bloom in Portuguese Marine Coastal Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2890-4338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Churro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fitopl\u00e2ncton, Departamento do Mar e Recursos Marinhos, Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fitopl\u00e2ncton, Departamento do Mar e Recursos Marinhos, Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do MAR, CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)12285-1","article-title":"Fatal Microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil","volume":"325","author":"Pouria","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381304","article-title":"Liver failure and death after exposure to Microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil","volume":"338","author":"Jochimsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. 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