{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T15:51:13Z","timestamp":1770133873177,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/MAR\/04292\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/MAR\/04292\/2013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UID\/04539\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04539\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious diseases remain a major global health challenge, underscoring the need for safe and accessible antiviral therapies. Natural products, particularly marine macroalgae, are promising sources of bioactive compounds with antiviral properties. This study evaluated the antiviral activity of extracts from two red algae collected along the Portuguese coast: two life stages (tetrasporophyte and female gametophyte) of Chondracanthus teedei var. lusitanicus and the algae Osmundea pinnatifida. Antiviral effects were assessed against Coxsackievirus A12 (CVA12) and a lentivirus (LV) vector model. Extracts from both algae inhibited viral replication in vitro at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The tetrasporophyte extract of C. teedei exhibited virucidal activity against CVA12, and the results are consistent with interference with multiple stages of the viral life cycle, while also inducing an antiviral state in HEK-293T cells against LV infection. The female gametophyte extract affected early stages of CVA12 and LV infection and showed potential virucidal activity. O. pinnatifida demonstrated the strongest antiviral effects against both viruses. These findings highlight the antiviral potential of these red algal extracts and warrant further in vivo evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11020041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:49:44Z","timestamp":1770036584000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Red Algae Extracts from Chondracanthus teedei var. lusitanicus and Osmundea pinnatifida Against Coxsackievirus A12 and a Lentiviral Vector"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4995-5580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanci","family":"Santos-Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Virus-Host Interactions & Therapeutic Approaches (VITA) Research Group, KU Leuven-Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8312-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9vio","family":"N\u00f3brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pereira de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Resources, Conservation and Technology, Marine Algae Lab., Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8464-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2025.106079","article-title":"Seeking innovative concepts in development of antiviral drug combinations","volume":"234","author":"Kainov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antivir. 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