{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:41:42Z","timestamp":1769881302797,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/FIS-AST\/0054\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/FIS-AST\/0054\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Universe"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we present a review of Energy-Momentum Squared Gravity (EMSG)\u2014more specifically, f(R,T\u03bc\u03bdT\u03bc\u03bd) gravity, where R represents the Ricci scalar and T\u03bc\u03bd denotes the energy-momentum tensor. The inclusion of quadratic contributions from the energy-momentum components has intriguing cosmological implications, particularly during the Universe\u2019s early epochs. These effects dominate under high-energy conditions, enabling EMSG to potentially address unresolved issues in General Relativity (GR), such as the initial singularity and aspects of big-bang nucleosynthesis in certain models. The theory\u2019s explicit non-minimal coupling between matter and geometry leads to the non-conservation of the energy-momentum tensor, which prompts the investigation of cosmological scenarios through the framework of irreversible thermodynamics of open systems. By employing this formalism, we interpret the energy-balance equations within EMSG from a thermodynamic perspective, viewing them as descriptions of irreversible matter creation processes. Since EMSG converges to GR in a vacuum and differences emerge only in the presence of an energy-momentum distribution, these distinctions become significant in high-curvature regions. Therefore, deviations from GR are expected to be pronounced in the dense cores of compact objects. This review delves into these facets of EMSG, highlighting its potential to shed light on some of the fundamental questions in modern cosmology and gravitational theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/universe10090339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:58:07Z","timestamp":1724417887000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Energy-Momentum Squared Gravity: A Brief Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ricardo A. C.","family":"Cipriano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3977-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nailya","family":"Ganiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1990-9172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiberiu","family":"Harko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Kogalniceanu Street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco S. N.","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1327-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A. S.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4148-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Lu\u00eds","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Gda\u0144sk, Jana Ba\u017cy\u0144skiego 8, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riess, A.G. et al. [Supernova Search Team] (1998). 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