{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T07:45:36Z","timestamp":1775461536951,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz","award":["SCU.SP1403.37271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCU.SP1403.37271"]}]},{"name":"Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz","award":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz","award":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz","award":["PTDC\/FIS-AST\/0054\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/FIS-AST\/0054\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["SCU.SP1403.37271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCU.SP1403.37271"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/FIS-AST\/0054\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/FIS-AST\/0054\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Universe"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wormholes are non-trivial topological structures that arise as exact solutions to Einstein\u2019s field equations, theoretically connecting distinct regions of spacetime via a throat-like geometry. While static traversable wormholes necessarily require exotic matter that violates the classical energy conditions, subsequent studies have sought to minimize such violations by introducing time-dependent geometries embedded within cosmological backgrounds. This review provides a comprehensive survey of evolving wormhole solutions, emphasizing their formulation within both general relativity and alternative theories of gravity. We explore key developments in the construction of non-static wormhole spacetimes, including those conformally related to static solutions, as well as dynamically evolving geometries influenced by scalar fields. Particular attention is given to the wormholes embedded into Friedmann\u2013Lema\u00eetre\u2013Robertson\u2013Walker (FLRW) universes and de Sitter backgrounds, where the interplay between the cosmic expansion and wormhole dynamics is analyzed. We also examine the role of modified gravity theories, especially in hybrid metric\u2013Palatini gravity, which enable the realization of traversable wormholes supported by effective stress\u2013energy tensors that do not violate the null or weak energy conditions. By systematically analyzing a wide range of time-dependent wormhole solutions, this review identifies the specific geometric and physical conditions under which wormholes can evolve consistently with null and weak energy conditions. These findings clarify how such configurations can be naturally integrated into cosmological models governed by general relativity or modified gravity, thereby contributing to a deeper theoretical understanding of localized spacetime structures in an expanding universe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/universe11070236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T07:56:14Z","timestamp":1753084574000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evolving Wormholes in a Cosmological Background"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1196-9493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Kord Zangeneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43135, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco S. N.","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Edif\u00edcio C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Edif\u00edcio C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1119\/1.15620","article-title":"Wormholes in space-time and their use for interstellar travel: A tool for teaching general relativity","volume":"56","author":"Morris","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawking, S.W., and Ellis, G.F.R. (2023). 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