{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:29:21Z","timestamp":1765546161002,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["IF\/01442\/2013\/CP1196\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/01442\/2013\/CP1196\/CT0001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Basque Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. IT592-13 (Spain)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. IT592-13 (Spain)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FONDOS FEDER","award":["FIS2014-57956-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS2014-57956-P"]}]},{"name":"CANTATA","award":["COST Action CA15117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COST Action CA15117"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Universe"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The latest cosmological observations by the Planck collaboration (and combined with others) are compatible with a phantom-like behaviour (    w &lt; \u2212 1    ) for the dark energy equation of state that drives the current acceleration of the Universe. With this mindset, we look into models where dark energy is described by a 3-form field minimally coupled to gravity. When compared to a scalar field, these models have the advantage of more naturally accommodating a cosmological-constant and phantom-like behaviours. We show how the latter happens for a fairly general class of positive-valued potentials, and through a dynamical system approach, we find that in such cases the 3-form field leads the Universe into a Little Sibling of the Big Rip singular event into the future. In this work, we explore the possibility of avoiding such singularity via an interaction in the dark sector between cold dark matter and the 3-form field. For the kind of interactions considered, we deduce a condition for replacing the LSBR by a late time de Sitter phase. For specific examples of interactions that meet this condition, we look for distinctive imprints in the statefinder hierarchy     {    S 3    ( 1 )   ;    S 4    ( 1 )   }    ,     {    S 3    ( 1 )   ;    S 5    ( 1 )   }    , and in the growth rate of matter,     \u03f5 ( z )    , through the composite null diagnostic (CND).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/universe3010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T11:30:04Z","timestamp":1488540604000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["3-Form Cosmology: Phantom Behaviour, Singularities and Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5090-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Morais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Physics, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Bouhmadi-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Matem\u00e1tica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es da Universidade da Beira Interior (CMA-UBI), Rua Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical Physics, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3974-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Marto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Matem\u00e1tica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es da Universidade da Beira Interior (CMA-UBI), Rua Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1086\/300499","article-title":"Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant","volume":"116","author":"Riess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Astron. 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