{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:28:45Z","timestamp":1772252925537,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Universe"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A supernova close enough to the Earth is a spectacular event: it can appear as a \u201cnew star\u201d as luminous as Venus, or even more, visible for several days. The rate of Galactic supernovae is expected to be of about one in 30 years, with a fraction visible to the naked eye; however in all the history of human civilization only seven supernovae in the Milky Way have been reported, the last two (1572 and 1604) during Galilei\u2019s life. The supernova of 1604, today called Kepler\u2019s Supernova, was observed by Galilei, Kepler and other astronomers in Europe, Korea, China, Arabia. Like the supernova SN1572, today called Tycho\u2019s supernova, it has been the subject of extensive studies, and inspired observational measurements and philosophical considerations on the nature of the heavens. The remnant of SN1604 has been indicated by recent X- and gamma-ray data to be a likely site of cosmic ray acceleration. The first recorded data of optical observations, together with new data, can still tell us a lot about the early evolution of this supernova.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/universe7110430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:07:21Z","timestamp":1636672041000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["First Observations of SN 1604 (Kepler\u2019s Supernova)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3288-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"de Angelis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \u201cGalileo Galilei\u201d dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 di Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy"}]},{"given":"Selenia","family":"Broccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \u201cGalileo Galilei\u201d dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 di Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Angelis, A., and Pimenta, M. (2018). Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78181-5"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Brahe, T. (1573). De Nova Stella, Anni 1572, Laurentius Benedicti."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Favaro, A. (1890\u20131909). Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Barbera."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Favaro, A. (1891). Opere, Barbera."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Shea, W. (2005). Galileo and the Supernova of 1604. 1604\u20132004: Supernovae as Cosmological Lighthouses, Astronomical Society of the Pacific."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Favaro, A. (1900). Opere, Barbera."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"de Angelis, A. (2021). I Diciotto Anni Migliori Della Mia Vita, Castelvecchi."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Favaro, A. (1966). Galileo Galilei e lo Studio di Padova, Antenore."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Lorenzini, A. (1605). Discorso Intomo Alla Nuova Stella, Tozzi."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Galilei, G. (1605). Dialogue of Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene, Tozzi."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Capra, B. (1605). Consideratione Astronomica Circa la Nova, e Portentosa Stella che Nel\u2019anno 1604 al d\u00ec 10 Ottobre Apparse, con un Breve Giudicio Delli Suoi Significati, Pasquati."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Galilei, G. (1607). Difesa Contro Alle Calunnie et Imposture di Baldessar Capra, Baglioni."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kepler, J. (1606). De Stella Nova in Pede Serpentarii, et Qui Sub Eius Exortum de Novo Iniit, Trigono Igneo, Off. Pauli Sessii."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1086\/144505","article-title":"Nova Ophiuchi of 1604 as a supernova","volume":"97","author":"Baade","year":"1943","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Blair, W.P. (2004). Kepler\u2019s Supernova Remnant: The View at 400 Years. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wang, Z.R. (2005). SN1604 in the East. 1604\u20132004: Supernovae as Cosmological Lighthouses, Astronomical Society of the Pacific."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/0021828616669894","article-title":"Arabic reports about supernovae 1604 and 1572","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hist. Astron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aa6f09","article-title":"The light curve and distance of the Kepler supernova: News from four centuries ago","volume":"842","year":"2017","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L135","DOI":"10.1086\/522830","article-title":"A Deep Chandra Observation of Kepler\u2019s Supernova Remnant: A Type Ia Event with Circumstellar Interaction","volume":"668","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsabti, A.W., and Murdin, P. (2017). Supernova 1604, Kepler\u2019s Supernova, and its Remnant. Handbook of Supernovae, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21846-5"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Prokhorov, D. et al. [H.E.S.S. Collaboration] (2021). Deep observations of Kepler\u2019s SNR with H.E.S.S. arXiv."}],"container-title":["Universe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1997\/7\/11\/430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:28:41Z","timestamp":1760167721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1997\/7\/11\/430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["universe7110430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/universe7110430","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202110.0330.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2218-1997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]}}}