{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T09:17:36Z","timestamp":1777972656013,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through the FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/GES-URB\/2038\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/GES-URB\/2038\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Center for Territory, Transports and Environment"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.\/MECI","award":["UID\/04427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04427"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.\/MECI","award":["UID\/04708\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04708\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.\/MECI","award":["UID\/00145\u2014CENP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00145\u2014CENP"]}]},{"name":"RISE\u2014Health, Competence Center for Active and Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Urban Science"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amid growing concerns over global warming, ensuring the outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) of public urban spaces is crucial for creating liveable and resilient cities. This study focused on the intensification of the urban heat island (UHI) effect and the heat stress experienced by the vulnerable older population. Evidence was found through the case study in a highly vulnerable area of Porto, with a high ageing ratio. The primary aim was to assess the influence of design-based adaptation strategies on OTC using ENVI-met, with a specific focus on older adults. Thermal stress was evaluated using the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) index. The analysis confirms that older adults consistently experience higher PET values (+2\u20135 \u00b0C) and larger areas of thermal discomfort than active-age adults. Simulations reveal that the effectiveness of adaptation measures depends on the characteristics of the urban space but enhanced green infrastructure achieves the most significant heat mitigation results. Artificial shading only provides localized thermal relief. Cool pavements contribute meaningfully by lowering surface heat storage and reducing longwave radiation. However, their impact on PET, beneficial or detrimental, depends significantly on the morphology of the outdoor space and the materials used. In the analysed street canyon, PET was higher in the central hours of the day for both age ranges, when the pavement material had a higher albedo. An effective heat mitigation needs a combination of vegetation-based strategies and climate-responsive materials to ensure comfortable and age-inclusive public spaces. This research presents an actionable methodological approach for evaluating and enhancing OTC, advocating the use of microclimate simulations in a carefully selected set of public spaces within an intervention urban area to define effective climate adaptation measures for each space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci10050249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T07:57:29Z","timestamp":1777967849000},"page":"249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Outdoor Thermal Comfort of Older People in Vulnerable Urban Areas in a Warming World: Evidence from Porto, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6927-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Imtiaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2831-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachita","family":"Klinmalee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0398-3423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Corvacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT\u2014Institute of R&D in Structures and Construction, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1013-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franklin","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9531-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9736-434X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cec\u00edlia","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5993-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4716-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela Salgueiro Narciso","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8234-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Jorge Garcia","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENP\u2014Nuno Portas Centre for Studies, Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7404-7168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisela","family":"Lameira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENP\u2014Nuno Portas Centre for Studies, Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-8810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENP\u2014Nuno Portas Centre for Studies, Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1481-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana 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