{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T21:12:47Z","timestamp":1771189967258,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRT\/BD\/154295\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRT\/BD\/154295\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Social Fund (ESF)","award":["PRT\/BD\/154295\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRT\/BD\/154295\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Urban Science"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Telework emerged in the 1970s with the advent of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as a potential substitute for commuting trips and an answer to avoid congestion. While early studies supported this substitution effect, subsequent research has presented contradictory findings, with some studies demonstrating complementary effects and increased travel distances, while others show a reduction in travel or mixed results. These discrepancies may arise from methodological differences in study design, sampling, and modeling approaches. To analyze these factors, a systematic literature review complemented by three meta-analyses was developed. OLS and GLS-RE models were built to measure telework impacts on the number of trips (total and by purpose), commuting distance, and total distance traveled. Our research suggests that while telework reduces commuting and business trips, particularly for full-time teleworkers, it may increase commuting distances. Total distance traveled presents mixed results, heavily dependent on research design. By identifying these patterns, we outline methodological directions for future research, including improved sampling strategies, advanced modeling techniques, and rigorous control variable selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci9060199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T05:09:12Z","timestamp":1748840952000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Will Telework Reduce Travel? An Evaluation of Empirical Evidence with Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1822-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"La\u00edsa Braga","family":"Kappler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7574-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6722-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia C.","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REM\/UECE & ISEG-Lisbon School of Economics and Management, University of Lisbon, Rua do Quelhas, 6, 1200-781 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7893-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"de Abreu e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-004-3046-7","article-title":"Does telecommuting reduce vehicle-miles traveled? An aggregate time series analysis for the U.S","volume":"32","author":"Choo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2006.12.004","article-title":"Relationships between commuting distance, frequency and telework in Finland","volume":"15","author":"Helminen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2016.06.010","article-title":"The impacts of telecommuting in Dublin","volume":"57","author":"Caulfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-3975(77)90039-X","article-title":"Selected results from a technology assessment of telecommunication-transportation interactions","volume":"2","author":"Harkness","year":"1977","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-8564(94)00029-A","article-title":"Methodological issues in the estimation of the travel, energy, and air quality impacts of telecommuting","volume":"29","author":"Mokhtarian","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-011-0460-6","article-title":"Are telecommuting and personal travel complements or substitutes?","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2017.05.011","article-title":"Home telework and household commuting patterns in Great Britain","volume":"103","author":"Melo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-017-9846-3","article-title":"Metropolitan size and the impacts of telecommuting on personal travel","volume":"45","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"419","article-title":"Home telework, travel behavior, and land use patterns: A path analysis of British single-worker households","volume":"11","author":"Melo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Land Use"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"148","article-title":"Does home-based telework reduce household total travel? A path analysis approach of one and two worker British households","volume":"37","author":"Melo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102338","article-title":"Does working from home reduce CO2 emissions? An analysis of travel patterns as dictated by workplaces","volume":"83","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1068\/a36218","article-title":"Telecommuting, residential location, and commute-distance traveled: Evidence from state of California employees","volume":"36","author":"Mokhtarian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A Econ. Space"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060.2021.1883229","article-title":"Differences between telecommuters and commuters: The case of the Twin Cities metropolitan area","volume":"44","author":"Yum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Plan. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005200513201","article-title":"Interpreting employee telecommuting adoption: An economics perspective","volume":"27","author":"Yen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102619","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel behavior in Istanbul: A panel data analysis","volume":"65","author":"Shakibaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.01.002","article-title":"Revisiting the impacts of virtual mobility on travel behavior: An exploration of daily travel time expenditures","volume":"145","author":"Ozbilen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102777","article-title":"Telework and daily travel: New evidence from Sweden","volume":"86","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.07.011","article-title":"Behavioural changes in transport and future repercussions of the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain","volume":"111","author":"Echaniz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2022.103390","article-title":"Work flexibly, travel less? The impact of telework and flextime on mobility behavior in Switzerland","volume":"102","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, C.S., Pitombo, C.S., and de Souza, F.L.U. (2022). Travel behavior before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: Mobility changes and transport policies for a sustainable transportation system in the post-pandemic period. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084573"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2023.100685","article-title":"Expected long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel behaviour and online activities: Evidence from a Czech panel survey","volume":"34","year":"2024","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adobati, F., and Debernardi, A. (2022). The breath of the metropolis: Smart working and new urban geographies. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14021028"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-018-0873-6","article-title":"Working from home and the willingness to accept a longer commute","volume":"61","author":"Meijers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102846","article-title":"Slowly coming out of COVID-19 restrictions in Australia: Implications for working from home and commuting trips by car and public transport","volume":"88","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2023.103780","article-title":"Pandemic immobilities and consequences for commuting: Implications for mobility of COVID-19 mandatory telecommuting","volume":"114","author":"Kappler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3328\/TL.2009.01.01.1-17","article-title":"If telecommunication is such a good substitute for travel, why does congestion continue to get worse?","volume":"1","author":"Mokhtarian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Lipsey, M.W., and Wilson, D.B. (2001). Practical Meta-Analysis, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regsciurbeco.2013.05.002","article-title":"The productivity of transport infrastructure investment: A meta-analysis of empirical evidence","volume":"43","author":"Melo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reg. Sci. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2013.01.013","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the impact of rail projects on land and property values","volume":"50","author":"Mohammad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00186565","article-title":"Teleworking in the Netherlands: An evaluation of changes in travel behaviour","volume":"18","author":"Hamer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00186566","article-title":"Impact of telecommuting on spatial and temporal patterns of household travel","volume":"18","author":"Pendyala","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102468","article-title":"Synergistic and threshold effects of telework and residential location choice on travel time allocation","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"100150","article-title":"How COVID-19 and the Dutch \u2018intelligent lockdown\u2019 change activities, work and travel behaviour: Evidence from longitudinal data in the Netherlands","volume":"6","author":"Faber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10669-021-09804-4","article-title":"Impact of lockdown associated with COVID-19 on air quality and emissions from transportation sector: Case study in selected Indian metropolitan cities","volume":"41","author":"Eregowda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Syst. Decis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3390\/futuretransp3020043","article-title":"Relationships between teleworking and travel behavior in the Brazilian COVID-19 crisis","volume":"3","author":"Dias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Transp."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2024.104102","article-title":"Telework frequency and travel behaviour during the later stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. A study across different metropolitan areas: Lisbon, Istanbul, and Porto Alegre","volume":"123","author":"Kappler","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2024.100822","article-title":"Does teleworking encourage longer commutes? Pre-pandemic evidence from the English National Travel Survey","volume":"37","author":"Caldarola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.12.007","article-title":"COVID and working from home: Long-term impacts and psycho-social determinants","volume":"156","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-017-9792-0","article-title":"Factors associated with home-based e-working and e-shopping in Nanjing, China","volume":"45","author":"Loo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/rsp3.12558","article-title":"Residential preferences, telework perceptions, and the intention to telework: Insights from the Lisbon metropolitan area during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reg. Sci. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-090X(95)00020-J","article-title":"The travel and emissions impacts of telecommuting for the State of California Telecommuting Pilot Project","volume":"4","author":"Koenig","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3141\/2566-09","article-title":"Examination of the impacts of telecommuting on the time use of nonmandatory activities","volume":"2566","author":"Asgari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101564","article-title":"Daily mobility patterns of small business owners and homeworkers in post-industrial cities","volume":"85","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.03.002","article-title":"Unveiling daily activity pattern differences between telecommuters and commuters using human mobility motifs and sequence analysis","volume":"147","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2022.03.026","article-title":"Do teleworkers travel less? Evidence from the English National Travel Survey","volume":"159","author":"Caldarola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2022.100938","article-title":"Impact of working from home on travel behavior of rail and car commuters: A case study in the Tokyo metropolitan area","volume":"11","author":"Abe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2022.09.006","article-title":"Travel behaviour changes under work-from-home (WFH) arrangements during COVID-19","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2148\/benv.45.4.582","article-title":"Teleworking: Decreasing mobility or increasing tolerance of commuting distances?","volume":"45","author":"Ravalet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3638.27.7.610","article-title":"Teleworking in some Norwegian urban areas\u2014Motives and transport effects","volume":"27","author":"Hjorthol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10901-007-9088-3","article-title":"Telecommuting and residential locational preferences: A case study of the Netherlands","volume":"22","author":"Muhammad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hous. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.07.018","article-title":"Home-based telecommuting and intra-household interactions in work and non-work travel: A seemingly unrelated censored regression approach","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2024.104257","article-title":"Working from home and commuter travel in Germany\u2013Panel data analysis of long-term effects","volume":"190","author":"Kuhnimhof","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-023-10401-4","article-title":"The relations between working from home and travel behaviour: A panel analysis","volume":"51","author":"Faber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3141\/1752-20","article-title":"Telecommuting implications for travel behavior: Case studies from Minnesota","volume":"1752","author":"Wells","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"187","article-title":"Does telework weaken urban structure-travel relationships?","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Land Use"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2023.100668","article-title":"Telework, travel times, and peak hour avoidance in England: An overview using travel times across five weekdays","volume":"34","author":"Schwanen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-9209(98)00018-2","article-title":"The trade-off between trips and distance traveled in analyzing the emissions impacts of center-based telecommuting","volume":"3","author":"Mokhtarian","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005207320044","article-title":"Activity settings and travel behaviour: A social contact perspective","volume":"27","author":"Harvey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-007-9113-0","article-title":"Impacts of information and communication technologies (ICT) on time use and travel behavior: A structural equations analysis","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2014.03.016","article-title":"Activity fragmentation, ICT and travel: An exploratory path analysis of spatiotemporal interrelationships","volume":"68","author":"Alexander","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/00343409012331345854","article-title":"Impact of technological developments on urban form and travel behaviour","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3638.27.7.590","article-title":"Which came first, the telecommuting or the residential relocation? An empirical analysis of causality","volume":"27","author":"Ory","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098012474520","article-title":"Telecommuting, household commute and location choice","volume":"50","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-016-0755-8","article-title":"Two traditional questions on the relationships between telecommuting, job and residential location, and household travel: Revisited using a path analysis","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2016.1193779","article-title":"Is telecommuting sustainable? An alternative approach to estimating the impact of home-based telecommuting on household travel","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-018-0893-2","article-title":"Does new information technology change commuting behavior?","volume":"62","author":"Gubins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noussan, M., and Jarre, M. (2021). Assessing commuting energy and emissions savings through remote working and carpooling: Lessons from an Italian region. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14217177"}],"container-title":["Urban Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2413-8851\/9\/6\/199\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:45:37Z","timestamp":1760031937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2413-8851\/9\/6\/199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["urbansci9060199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/urbansci9060199","relation":{},"ISSN":["2413-8851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2413-8851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}}}