{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T01:20:19Z","timestamp":1768267219341,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/128371\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/128371\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis viruses and liver-stage malaria are within the liver infections causing higher morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The highly restricted tropism of the major human hepatotropic pathogens\u2014namely, the human hepatitis B and C viruses and the Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites\u2014has hampered the development of disease models. These models are crucial for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of infection and governing host\u2013pathogen interaction, as well as for fostering drug development. Bioengineered cell models better recapitulate the human liver microenvironment and extend hepatocyte viability and phenotype in vitro, when compared with conventional two-dimensional cell models. In this article, we review the bioengineering tools employed in the development of hepatic cell models for studying infection, with an emphasis on 3D cell culture strategies, and discuss how those tools contributed to the level of recapitulation attained in the different model layouts. Examples of host\u2013pathogen interactions uncovered by engineered liver models and their usefulness in drug development are also presented. Finally, we address the current bottlenecks, trends, and prospect toward cell models\u2019 reliability, robustness, and reproducibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1619558300000},"page":"773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bioengineered Liver Cell Models of Hepatotropic Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Francisca","family":"Arez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana F.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8926-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1445-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula M.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1078-5","article-title":"Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME","volume":"87","author":"Godoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. 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