{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T13:02:58Z","timestamp":1763643778235,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BiodivERsA","award":["BIODIVERSA\/0001\/2012-PT","PTDC\/BIA-CBI\/2434\/2021","UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019","Ref. 2542","Conservation and research funding support 2012","NE\/L002485\/1","NE\/S007229\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIODIVERSA\/0001\/2012-PT","PTDC\/BIA-CBI\/2434\/2021","UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019","Ref. 2542","Conservation and research funding support 2012","NE\/L002485\/1","NE\/S007229\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIODIVERSA\/0001\/2012-PT","PTDC\/BIA-CBI\/2434\/2021","UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019","Ref. 2542","Conservation and research funding support 2012","NE\/L002485\/1","NE\/S007229\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIODIVERSA\/0001\/2012-PT","PTDC\/BIA-CBI\/2434\/2021","UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019","Ref. 2542","Conservation and research funding support 2012","NE\/L002485\/1","NE\/S007229\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018690","name":"People\u2019s Trust for Endangered Species (PTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIODIVERSA\/0001\/2012-PT","PTDC\/BIA-CBI\/2434\/2021","UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019","Ref. 2542","Conservation and research funding support 2012","NE\/L002485\/1","NE\/S007229\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIODIVERSA\/0001\/2012-PT","PTDC\/BIA-CBI\/2434\/2021","UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019","Ref. 2542","Conservation and research funding support 2012","NE\/L002485\/1","NE\/S007229\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005359","name":"Chester Zoo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIODIVERSA\/0001\/2012-PT","PTDC\/BIA-CBI\/2434\/2021","UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019","Ref. 2542","Conservation and research funding support 2012","NE\/L002485\/1","NE\/S007229\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIODIVERSA\/0001\/2012-PT","PTDC\/BIA-CBI\/2434\/2021","UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019","Ref. 2542","Conservation and research funding support 2012","NE\/L002485\/1","NE\/S007229\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIODIVERSA\/0001\/2012-PT","PTDC\/BIA-CBI\/2434\/2021","UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019","Ref. 2542","Conservation and research funding support 2012","NE\/L002485\/1","NE\/S007229\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIODIVERSA\/0001\/2012-PT","PTDC\/BIA-CBI\/2434\/2021","UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019","Ref. 2542","Conservation and research funding support 2012","NE\/L002485\/1","NE\/S007229\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emergent infectious diseases have an increasing impact on both farmed animals and wildlife. The ability to screen for pathogens is critical for understanding host\u2013pathogen dynamics and informing better management. Ranavirus is a pathogen of concern, associated with disease outbreaks worldwide, affecting a broad range of fish, amphibian, and reptile hosts, but research has been limited. The traditional screening of internal tissues, such as the liver, has been regarded as the most effective for detecting and quantifying Ranavirus. However, such methodology imposes several limitations from ethical and conservation standpoints. Non-lethal sampling methods of viral detection were explored by comparing the efficacy of both buccal swabbing and fin clipping. The study was conducted on two Iberian, threatened freshwater fish (Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum and Cobitis paludica), and all samples were screened using qPCR. While for C. paludica both methods were reliable in detecting Ranavirus, on I. lusitanicum, there was a significantly higher detection rate in buccal swabs than in fin tissue. This study, therefore, reports that fin clipping may yield false Ranavirus negatives when in small-bodied freshwater fish. Overall, buccal swabbing is found to be good as an alternative to more invasive procedures, which is of extreme relevance, particularly when dealing with a threatened species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T04:57:41Z","timestamp":1675832261000},"page":"471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Non-Lethal Detection of Ranavirus in Fish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5479-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina D.","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3961-032X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte E.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Nuffield Building, Outer Circle, London NW8 7LS, UK"},{"name":"School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Trafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Nuffield Building, Outer Circle, London NW8 7LS, UK"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4001-0871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P. (INIAV), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2544-1470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8658-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo M.","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Nuffield Building, Outer Circle, London NW8 7LS, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Laboratory routines cause animal stress","volume":"43","author":"Balcombe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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