{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T15:06:17Z","timestamp":1773500777280,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R24AI13661806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R24AI13661806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Few data are currently available on the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTI) resistance mutations selected in persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) who develop virological failure while receiving rilpivirine (RPV). Methods: We analyzed pooled HIV-1 RT genotypic data from 280 PLWH in the multicenter EuResist database and 115 PLWH in the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database (HIVDB) who received RPV as their only NNRTI. Results: Among the 395 PLWH receiving RPV, 180 (45.6%) had one or more NNRTI-associated DRMs. Overall, 44 NNRTI-associated DRMs were identified, including 26 that occurred in two or more PLWHs. Seven mutations had a prevalence \u226510% among the 180 PLWH with one or more NNRTI-associated DRM: E138K (32.2%), V90I (25.0%), K101E (17.8%), Y181C (17.2%), E138A (13.9%), H221Y (12.2%), and K103N (10.6%). Y181C was significantly more likely to co-occur with K101E, V179F, H221Y, and M230L. Ten novel non-polymorphic mutations at known NNRTI-associated mutation positions were also identified, usually in just one PLWH: L100F, V108A, T139I, P225S, M230V, Y232C, and T240A\/I\/M\/S. Conclusions: Our analysis extends the spectrum of mutations emerging in PLWH receiving RPV. Additional phenotypic characterization of RPV-selected mutations is necessary to better understand their biological and possible clinical significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T06:55:37Z","timestamp":1730357737000},"page":"1715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spectrum of Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Associated Drug Resistance Mutations in Persons Living with HIV-1 Receiving Rilpivirine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pavithra","family":"Nagarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"given":"Jinru","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0418-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Di Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EuResist Network GEIE, 00152 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7386-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Incardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EuResist Network GEIE, 00152 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"InformaPRO S.r.l., 00152 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0636-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carole","family":"Seguin-Devaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2640-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum fuer Infektionsforschung, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana B.","family":"Abecasis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3271-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perpetua","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular, Servi\u00e7o de Patologia Cl\u00ednica, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital Egas Moniz, 1349-019 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8731-1271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiming","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0344-6281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Zazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2513-2643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert W.","family":"Shafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32666-0","article-title":"Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Dosed Every 2 Months in Adults with HIV-1 Infection (ATLAS-2M), 48-Week Results: A Randomised, Multicentre, Open-Label, Phase 3b, Non-Inferiority Study","volume":"396","author":"Overton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002466","article-title":"Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir + Rilpivirine for HIV Maintenance Therapy: Week 48 Pooled Analysis of Phase 3 ATLAS and FLAIR Trials","volume":"85","author":"Rizzardini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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