{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T20:16:00Z","timestamp":1767212160966,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Millennium BCP Foundation","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/4018\/2021","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","UID\/04413\/2020","332821690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/4018\/2021","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","UID\/04413\/2020","332821690"]}]},{"name":"Cam\u00f5es I.P.","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/4018\/2021","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","UID\/04413\/2020","332821690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/4018\/2021","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","UID\/04413\/2020","332821690"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/4018\/2021","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","UID\/04413\/2020","332821690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/4018\/2021","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","UID\/04413\/2020","332821690"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/4018\/2021","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","UID\/04413\/2020","332821690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/4018\/2021","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","UID\/04413\/2020","332821690"]}]},{"name":"Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN)","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/4018\/2021","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","UID\/04413\/2020","332821690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/4018\/2021","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","UID\/04413\/2020","332821690"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high genetic variability of HIV-1 and the emergence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) can impact treatment efficacy. In this study, we investigated the prevalent HIV-1 genotypes and drug-resistance-associated mutations in drug-na\u00efve HIV-1 individuals in Cabo Verde. The study, conducted between 2018 and 2019, included drug-na\u00efve HIV-1 individuals from the S\u00e3o Vicente, Boa Vista, Fogo, and Santiago islands. The HIV-1 pol gene was sequenced using Sanger sequencing. TDR was identified using the Stanford Calibrated Population Resistance tool, and resistance levels to different drugs were interpreted with the Stanford HIV database. The genetic diversity of HIV-1 was determined through phylogenetic analysis, and epidemiological and behavioural data were collected via questionnaires. Of the 73 participants, the majority were male (52.1%). The CRF02_AG recombinant form predominated (41.1%), followed by subtype G (37.0%). The overall prevalence of TDR was 9.6%. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) mutations occurred in 2.7% of individuals, while Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations occurred in 9.6%. The most prevalent mutations were K103N (5.5%) and M184V (2.7%). No protease- or integrase-associated mutations were found. The high levels of resistance to NNRTIs found demonstrate the need for surveillance of resistance mutations to ensure the efficacy and durability of the current therapeutic regimen, which includes Dolutegravir.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T04:07:40Z","timestamp":1734667660000},"page":"1953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetic Diversity and Antiretroviral Resistance in HIV-1-Infected Patients Newly Diagnosed in Cabo Verde"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4567-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silv\u00e2nia Da Veiga","family":"Leal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica de Cabo Verde, Largo do Desastre da Assist\u00eancia, Ch\u00e3 de Areia, Praia CP 7943-010, Cape Verde"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6390-4128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1009-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paloma","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7766-1059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel In\u00eas","family":"Monteiro de Pina Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, Campus do Palmarejo Grande, Praia CP 7943-010, Cape Verde"},{"name":"One Health Research Center\u2014Cabo Verde (NEST-CV), Universidade de Cabo Verde, Campus do Palmarejo Grande, Praia CP 7943-010, Cape Verde"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4832-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Parreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0176-5585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Taveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7928-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pingarilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana B.","family":"Abecasis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2023, March 29). 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