{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:20:48Z","timestamp":1775265648146,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["R01AI080607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI080607"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["R21AI190589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI190589"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["R01AI148302 subaward A033649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148302 subaward A033649"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["RFGA2022-010-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFGA2022-010-22"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/0143\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/0143\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Arizona Biomedical Research (ABRC) Investigator","award":["R01AI080607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI080607"]}]},{"name":"Arizona Biomedical Research (ABRC) Investigator","award":["R21AI190589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI190589"]}]},{"name":"Arizona Biomedical Research (ABRC) Investigator","award":["R01AI148302 subaward A033649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148302 subaward A033649"]}]},{"name":"Arizona Biomedical Research (ABRC) Investigator","award":["RFGA2022-010-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFGA2022-010-22"]}]},{"name":"Arizona Biomedical Research (ABRC) Investigator","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/0143\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/0143\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Arizona State University (Tempe, AZ, USA) start-up","award":["R01AI080607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI080607"]}]},{"name":"Arizona State University (Tempe, AZ, USA) start-up","award":["R21AI190589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI190589"]}]},{"name":"Arizona State University (Tempe, AZ, USA) start-up","award":["R01AI148302 subaward A033649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148302 subaward A033649"]}]},{"name":"Arizona State University (Tempe, AZ, USA) start-up","award":["RFGA2022-010-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFGA2022-010-22"]}]},{"name":"Arizona State University (Tempe, AZ, USA) start-up","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/0143\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/0143\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["R01AI080607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI080607"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["R21AI190589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI190589"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["R01AI148302 subaward A033649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148302 subaward A033649"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["RFGA2022-010-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFGA2022-010-22"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/0143\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/0143\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myxoma virus (MYXV) is a leporipoxvirus that causes lethal disease in Leporids. Hares and rabbits belong to the Leporidae family and are believed to have had a common ancestor 12 million years ago. After seventy years of contact with European hares without causing mortalities or disease manifestation, a recombinant MYXV infected Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) causing high mortalities. Like all poxviruses, MYXV encodes a wealth of immune modulators required for successful virulence that also mediate host species jumping, for example, into hares. Here, we summarize the data of known MYXV immune modulators, their cellular functions, and their effects on European rabbits. Additionally, we suggest that the critical restrictions MYXV would encounter in colonizing a potentially new host species stem from their interactions with the host\u2019s innate immune environment. Lastly, we synthesize our understanding of some poxvirus genome architectural features that might have facilitated the host species jump of MYXV into hares from rabbits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T14:46:04Z","timestamp":1755787564000},"page":"1145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Myxoma Virus Immune Modulators and Host Range Factors in Pathogenesis and Species Leaping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4631-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junior A.","family":"Enow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6055-8298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro J.","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CITS\u2014Center of Investigation in Health Technologies, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7177-819X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masmudur M.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1099","article-title":"Poxvirus tropism","volume":"3","author":"McFadden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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