{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T23:21:27Z","timestamp":1771888887084,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/CVT\/105630\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT\/105630\/2008"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/65532\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/65532\/2009"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme","award":["311931, ASFORCE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311931, ASFORCE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral interactions with host nucleus have been thoroughly studied, clarifying molecular mechanisms and providing new antiviral targets. Considering that African swine fever virus (ASFV) intranuclear phase of infection is poorly understood, viral interplay with subnuclear domains and chromatin architecture were addressed. Nuclear speckles, Cajal bodies, and promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) were evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot. Further, efficient PML protein knockdown by shRNA lentiviral transduction was used to determine PML-NBs relevance during infection. Nuclear distribution of different histone H3 methylation marks at lysine\u2019s 9, 27 and 36, heterochromatin protein 1 isoforms (HP1\u03b1, HP\u03b2 and HP\u03b3) and several histone deacetylases (HDACs) were also evaluated to assess chromatin status of the host. Our results reveal morphological disruption of all studied subnuclear domains and severe reduction of viral progeny in PML-knockdown cells. ASFV promotes H3K9me3 and HP1\u03b2 foci formation from early infection, followed by HP1\u03b1 and HDAC2 nuclear enrichment, suggesting heterochromatinization of host genome. Finally, closeness between DNA damage response factors, disrupted PML-NBs, and virus-induced heterochromatic regions were identified. In sum, our results demonstrate that ASFV orchestrates spatio-temporal nuclear rearrangements, changing subnuclear domains, relocating Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Rad-3 related (ATR)-related factors and promoting heterochromatinization, probably controlling transcription, repressing host gene expression, and favouring viral replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v7092858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]],"date-time":"2015-09-16T10:33:36Z","timestamp":1442399616000},"page":"4978-4996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Alterations of Nuclear Architecture and Epigenetic Signatures during African Swine Fever Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Margarida","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Rino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epigenetics, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5765-576X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.11.030","article-title":"African swine fever (ASF): Five years around Europe","volume":"165","author":"Mur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. 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