{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:36:27Z","timestamp":1760229387263,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/31020\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/31020\/2017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/31020\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/31020\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan responsible for abortion and stillbirths in cattle. We previously developed a mucosal vaccination approach using N. caninum membrane proteins and CpG adjuvant that conferred long-term protection against neosporosis in mice. Here, we have extended this approach by alternatively using the carbomer-based adjuvant Carbigen\u2122 in the immunizing preparation. Immunized mice presented higher proportions and numbers of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Stimulation of spleen, lungs and liver leukocytes with parasite antigens induced a marked production of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17A and, less markedly, IL-4. This balanced response was also evident in that both parasite-specific IgG1 and IgG2c were raised by immunization, together with specific intestinal IgA. Upon intraperitoneal infection with N. caninum, immunized mice presented lower parasitic burdens than sham-immunized controls. In the infected immunized mice, memory CD4+ T cells predominantly expressed T-bet and ROR\u03b3t, and CD8+ T cells expressing T-bet were found increased. While spleen, lungs and liver leukocytes of both immunized and sham-immunized infected animals produced high amounts of IFN-\u03b3, only the cells from immunized mice responded with high IL-17A production. Since in cattle both IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17A have been associated with protective mechanisms against N. caninum infection, the elicited cytokine profile obtained using CarbigenTM as adjuvant indicates that it could be worth exploring for bovine neosporosis vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10060925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T06:31:59Z","timestamp":1655101919000},"page":"925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protective Effect against Neosporosis Induced by Intranasal Immunization with Neospora caninum Membrane Antigens Plus Carbomer-Based Adjuvant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0408-6262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7338-2383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Fr\u00f3is-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5424-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luzia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMIB\u2014Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Biom\u00e9dica, ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR\u2014Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7007-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Vilanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.031","article-title":"Neosporosis in animals\u2014The last five years","volume":"180","author":"Dubey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. 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