{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T12:07:44Z","timestamp":1776773264761,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia)","award":["UIDP\/00776\/2020-4B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00776\/2020-4B"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia)","award":["2022\/0024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/0024"]}]},{"name":"AstraZeneca","award":["UIDP\/00776\/2020-4B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00776\/2020-4B"]}]},{"name":"AstraZeneca","award":["2022\/0024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/0024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer patients, prone to severe COVID-19, face immune challenges due to their disease and treatments. Identifying biomarkers, particularly extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived microRNAs (miRNAs), is vital for comprehending their response to COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate specific EV-miRNAs in the plasma of cancer patients under active treatment who received the COVID-19 booster vaccine. The selected miRNAs (EV-hsa-miR-7-5p, EV-hsa-miR-15b-5p, EV-hsa-miR-24-3p, EV-hsa-miR-145- 5p, and EV-hsa-miR-223-3p) are involved in regulating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and cytokine release, making them potential biomarkers for vaccination response. The study involved 54 cancer patients. Plasma and serum samples were collected at pre-boost vaccination, and at 3 and 6 months post-boost vaccination. Anti-spike antibody levels were measured. Additionally, RNA was extracted from EVs isolated from plasma and the expression levels of miRNAs were assessed. The results showed a significantly positive antibody response after COVID-19 boost vaccination. The expression levels of EV-hsa-miR-7-5p, EV-hsa-miR-15b-5p, EV-hsa-miR-24-3p, and EV-hsa-miR-223-3p increased significantly after 6 months of COVID-19 booster vaccination. Interestingly, an increased expression of certain EV-hsa-miRNAs was positively correlated. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these correlated miRNAs play a critical role in regulating the targets present in antiviral responses and cytokine production. These findings suggest that EV-hsa-miR-15b-5p, EV-hsa-miR-24-3p, and EV-hsa-miR-223-3p may be crucial in immune response induced by mRNA vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1722412947000},"page":"848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Plasma EV-miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of COVID-19 Vaccine Immune Response in Cancer Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) & RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer Northern Branch (LPCC-NRN), 4200-172 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia R.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) & RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-523 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8813-0632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Sousa-Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Onco-Hematology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7489-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) & RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina Esteves","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Bras\u00edlia, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5932-6211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Costa-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Bras\u00edlia, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) & RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer Northern Branch (LPCC-NRN), 4200-172 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-523 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Biomedicine Research Center (CEBIMED), Research Innovation and Development Institute (FP-I3ID), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4993-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) & RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Comparative highlights on MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and NEO-CoV","volume":"21","author":"Goyal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Excli J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2020.09.059","article-title":"Genetics and genomics of SARS-CoV-2: A review of the literature with the special focus on genetic diversity and SARS-CoV-2 genome detection","volume":"113","author":"Rahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Chang, J., Chen, S., Wang, L., Yau, T.O., Zhao, Q., Hong, Z., Ruan, J., Duan, G., and Gao, S. (2021). Genomic Feature Analysis of Betacoronavirus Provides Insights Into SARS and COVID-19 Pandemics. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.614494"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00950-y","article-title":"Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development","volume":"7","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.03.032","article-title":"mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 and diverse diseases","volume":"345","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.02.016","article-title":"COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments","volume":"30","author":"Mahiny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"71","article-title":"Formulation and Delivery Technologies for mRNA Vaccines","volume":"440","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajiaghapour Asr, M., Dayani, F., Saedi Segherloo, F., Kamedi, A., Neill, A.O., MacLoughlin, R., and Doroudian, M. (2023). Lipid Nanoparticles as Promising Carriers for mRNA Vaccines for Viral Lung Infections. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041127"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202688","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202202688","article-title":"Polymer-Based mRNA Delivery Strategies for Advanced Therapies","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldosari, B.N., Alfagih, I.M., and Almurshedi, A.S. (2021). Lipid Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for RNA-Based Vaccines. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020206"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01086-x","article-title":"Immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticles and its impact on the efficacy of mRNA vaccines and therapeutics","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Maruggi, G., Shan, H., and Li, J. (2019). Advances in mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00594"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114416","article-title":"The role of lipid components in lipid nanoparticles for vaccines and gene therapy","volume":"188","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16982","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c04996","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles\u2500From Liposomes to mRNA Vaccine Delivery, a Landscape of Research Diversity and Advancement","volume":"15","author":"Tenchov","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114990","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for in vivo RNA delivery and their breakthrough technology for future applications","volume":"200","author":"Jeong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Echaide, M., Chocarro de Erauso, L., Bocanegra, A., Blanco, E., Kochan, G., and Escors, D. (2023). mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Advantages and Caveats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065944"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines\u2014A new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00578-z","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans","volume":"21","author":"Sadarangani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.027","article-title":"Germinal center responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy and immunocompromised individuals","volume":"185","author":"Lederer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.11.009","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines Foster Potent Antigen-Specific Germinal Center Responses Associated with Neutralizing Antibody Generation","volume":"53","author":"Lederer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"abm0829","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0829","article-title":"mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern","volume":"374","author":"Goel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007922","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007922","article-title":"mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 induce divergent antigen-specific T-cell responses in patients with lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2022.2055923","article-title":"Demystifying mRNA vaccines: An emerging platform at the forefront of cryptic diseases","volume":"19","author":"Rouf","year":"2022","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01007-w","article-title":"mRNA-based therapeutics: Powerful and versatile tools to combat diseases","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00610-8","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccines in patients with cancer: Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety","volume":"19","author":"Fendler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-024-02470-x","article-title":"Immunogenicity after vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with cancer: A prospective, single center, observational study","volume":"29","author":"Katsuya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavanna, L., Citterio, C., and Toscani, I. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccines in Cancer Patients. Seropositivity and Safety. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9091048"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-021-01540-8","article-title":"Vaccination of cancer patients against COVID-19: Towards the end of a dilemma","volume":"38","author":"Mandal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adhikari, B., Bednash, J.S., Horowitz, J.C., Rubinstein, M.P., and Vlasova, A.N. (2024). Brief research report: Impact of vaccination on antibody responses and mortality from severe COVID-19. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1325243"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shroff, R.T., Chalasani, P., Wei, R., Pennington, D., Quirk, G., Schoenle, M.V., Peyton, K.L., Uhrlaub, J.L., Ripperger, T.J., and Jergovi\u0107, M. (2021). Immune Responses to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Patients with Solid Tumors on Active, Immunosuppressive Cancer Therapy. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.13.21257129"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oshiumi, H. (2021). Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Carry Immune Regulatory miRNAs and Regulate Vaccine Efficacy and Local Inflammatory Response After Vaccination. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.685344"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-De Prada, L., Garc\u00eda-Concejo, A., Tamayo-Velasco, \u00c1., Mart\u00edn-Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Gonzalo-Benito, H., Gorgojo-Galindo, \u00d3., Montero-Jodra, A., Pel\u00e1ez, M.T., Mart\u00ednez Almeida, I., and Bardaj\u00ed-Carrillo, M. (2024). miRNome profiling of extracellular vesicles in severe COVID-19 patients and identification of predictors of mortality. J. Infect. Dis., jiae310.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae310"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"148","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as a promising biomarker resource in liquid biopsy for cancer","volume":"2","author":"Takaaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Extracell. Vesicles Circ. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01735-1","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21945","article-title":"Exosome Theranostics: Biology and Translational Medicine","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Di, K., Fan, B., Wu, J., Gu, X., Sun, Y., Khan, A., Li, P., and Li, Z. (2022). MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles: Sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, isolation, and detection technology. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.948959"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00716-y","article-title":"Decreased inhibition of exosomal miRNAs on SARS-CoV-2 replication underlies poor outcomes in elderly people and diabetic patients","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, T.R., Dias, F., Teixeira, A.L., Sousa, H., Oliveira, J., and Medeiros, R. (2022). MicroRNAs as Potential Tools for Predicting Cancer Patients\u2019 Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination Response. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152279"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113008","article-title":"Innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations: The role of G-quadruplexes, exosomes, and MicroRNAs","volume":"164","author":"Seneff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01642-1","article-title":"Spike-antibody waning after second dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1","volume":"398","author":"Shrotri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.280300","article-title":"T-cell immune responses following vaccination with mRNA BNT162b2 against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results from a prospective open-label clinical trial","volume":"107","author":"Blixt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.07.016","article-title":"Antibody and T cell immune responses following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cancer","volume":"39","author":"Ehmsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00191-y","article-title":"Patterns of seroconversion for SARS-CoV-2 IgG in patients with malignant disease and association with anticancer therapy","volume":"2","author":"Thakkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.06.002","article-title":"Seroconversion rates following COVID-19 vaccination among patients with cancer","volume":"39","author":"Thakkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2022-0148","article-title":"Solid cancer patients achieve adequate immunogenicity and low rate of severe adverse events after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"18","author":"Janzic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.H., Choi, Y., Lim, C.-W., Park, J.-M., Yu, S.-H., Kim, Y., Han, H.J., Kim, C.-H., Song, Y.-S., and Kim, C. (2020). Antiviral effects of miRNAs in extracellular vesicles against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and mutations in SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.27.190561"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, R., and Banerjea, A.C. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Spike Targets USP33-IRF9 Axis via Exosomal miR-148a to Activate Human Microglia. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.656700"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100637","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Circulating Exosomes with COVID Spike Protein Are Induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccination prior to Development of Antibodies: A Novel Mechanism for Immune Activation by mRNA Vaccines","volume":"207","author":"Bansal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02413-6","article-title":"Systematic review of overlapping microRNA patterns in COVID-19 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Guiot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.011","article-title":"miR-145-5p is associated with smoke-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease via targeting KLF5","volume":"300","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134218","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.134218","article-title":"MicroRNA miR-24-3p reduces DNA damage responses, apoptosis, and susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"6","author":"Nouws","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S411966","article-title":"Changes and Clinical Value of Serum miR-24 and miR-223 Levels in Patients with Severe Pneumonia","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101294","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01294-2021","article-title":"Identification of asthma-associated microRNAs in bronchial biopsies","volume":"59","author":"Roffel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14520","article-title":"Circulating microRNA-15b-5p as a biomarker for asthma-COPD overlap","volume":"76","author":"Hirai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"PA4998","article-title":"Unraveling the role of miR-223-3p in the regulation of airway inflammation in asthma","volume":"52","author":"Roffel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roffel, M.P., Bracke, K.R., Heijink, I.H., and Maes, T. (2020). miR-223: A Key Regulator in the Innate Immune Response in Asthma and COPD. Front. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00196"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, S., Wu, Q., Wang, Z., Che, Y., Zheng, S., Chen, Y., Zhong, X., and Shi, F. (2021). miR-223: An Immune Regulator in Infectious Disorders. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.781815"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59876","article-title":"miR-223: An Effective Regulator of Immune Cell Differentiation and Inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales, L., Oliveros, J.C., Enjuanes, L., and Sola, I. (2022). Contribution of Host miRNA-223-3p to SARS-CoV-Induced Lung Inflammatory Pathology. mBio, 13.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03135-21"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02163-6","article-title":"miRNA-223 as a regulator of inflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome, the main fragments in the puzzle of immunopathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases and COVID-19","volume":"394","author":"Houshmandfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vega, M.A., Sim\u00f3n-Fuentes, M., Gonz\u00e1lez de la Aleja, A., Nieto, C., Colmenares, M., Herrero, C., Dom\u00ednguez-Soto, \u00c1., and Corb\u00ed, \u00c1.L. (2020). MAFB and MAF Transcription Factors as Macrophage Checkpoints for COVID-19 Severity. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.603507"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07381-8","article-title":"The transcription factor MafB promotes anti-inflammatory M2 polarization and cholesterol efflux in macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupuis-Maurin, V., Brinza, L., Baguet, J., Plantamura, E., Schicklin, S., Chambion, S., Macari, C., Tomkowiak, M., Deniaud, E., and Leverrier, Y. (2015). Overexpression of the transcription factor Sp1 activates the OAS-RNAse L-RIG-I pathway. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118551"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011796150280","article-title":"FOXO1: A potential target for human diseases","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2017019636","article-title":"The Role of Forkhead Box 1 (FOXO1) in the Immune System: Dendritic Cells, T Cells, B Cells, and Hematopoietic Stem Cells","volume":"37","author":"Feinberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheema, P.S., Nandi, D., and Nag, A. (2021). Exploring the therapeutic potential of forkhead box O for outfoxing COVID-19. Open Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.210069"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/8\/848\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:25:25Z","timestamp":1760109925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/8\/848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12080848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12080848","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]}}}