{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:37Z","timestamp":1760146837630,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00066\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00066\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vehicles"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study combines Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance traffic signal control, reduce congestion, and improve safety, through real-time monitoring and dynamic traffic management. Leveraging VLC technology, the system uses existing road infrastructure to transmit live data on vehicle and pedestrian positions, speeds, and queues. AI agents, employing Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), process this data to manage traffic flows dynamically, applying anti-bottleneck and rerouting techniques to balance pedestrian and vehicle waiting times. A centralized global agent coordinates the local agents controlling each intersection, enabling indirect communication and data sharing to train a unified DRL model. This model makes real-time adjustments to traffic light phases, utilizing a queue\/request\/response system for adaptive intersection management. Tested using simulations and real-world trials involving standard and rerouting scenarios, the approach demonstrates significantly better performance in regard to the rerouting configuration, reducing congestion and enhancing traffic flow and pedestrian safety. Scalable and adaptable to various intersection types, including four-way, T-intersections, and roundabouts, the system\u2019s efficacy is validated using the SUMO urban mobility simulator, resulting in notable reductions to travel and waiting times for both vehicles and pedestrians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vehicles6040103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T12:58:49Z","timestamp":1733921929000},"page":"2106-2132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integration of Visible Light Communication, Artificial Intelligence, and Rerouting Strategies for Enhanced Urban Traffic Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1150-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA-CTS and LASI, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA School of Science and Technology, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA-CTS and LASI, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8556-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"V\u00e9stias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC INOV-Lab, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0279-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4167-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEETC-ISEL\/IPL, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA-CTS and LASI, Quinta da Torre, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2749459","article-title":"A survey of the connected vehicle landscape\u2014Architectures, enabling technologies, applications, and development areas","volume":"19","author":"Siegel","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.061411.00019","article-title":"Vehicular networking: A survey and tutorial on requirements, architectures, challenges, standards and solutions","volume":"13","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. 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