{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T04:11:25Z","timestamp":1776139885662,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Funds","award":["02\/C05-i01.01\/2022.PC646908627-00000069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01.01\/2022.PC646908627-00000069"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vehicles"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advanced rider assistance systems (ARAS) play a crucial role in enhancing motorcycle safety through features such as collision avoidance, blind-spot detection, and adaptive cruise control, which rely heavily on sensors like radar, cameras, and LiDAR. However, their performance is often compromised under adverse weather conditions, leading to sensor interference, reduced visibility, and inconsistent reliability. This study evaluates the effectiveness and limitations of ARAS technologies in rain, fog, and snow, focusing on how sensor performance, algorithms, techniques, and dataset suitability influence system reliability. A thematic analysis was conducted, selecting studies focused on ARAS in adverse weather conditions based on specific selection criteria. The analysis shows that while ARAS offers substantial safety benefits, its accuracy declines in challenging environments. Existing datasets, algorithms, and techniques were reviewed to identify the most effective options for ARAS applications. However, more comprehensive weather-resilient datasets and adaptive multi-sensor fusion approaches are still needed. Advancing in these areas will be critical to improving the robustness of ARAS and ensuring safer riding experiences across diverse environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vehicles7040105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T12:15:31Z","timestamp":1758716131000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Performance of Advanced Rider Assistance Systems in Varying Weather Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Zia","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o A. C.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7557-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Rodrigues","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9818-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ars\u00e9nio","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3747-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4847-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3224-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. J. Solteiro","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bloomberg, M.R. (2025, May 25). Global Status Report on Road Safety 2023. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/375016\/9789240086517-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, May 25). Thematic Reports\u2014European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/road-safety.transport.ec.europa.eu\/european-road-safety-observatory\/data-and-analysis\/thematic-reports_en."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2022). 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