{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T18:48:46Z","timestamp":1767552526196,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDB\/00681\/2020","UI\/04033","LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDB\/00681\/2020","UI\/04033","LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDB\/00681\/2020","UI\/04033","LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDB\/00681\/2020","UI\/04033","LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to their frequent contact with animals, veterinarians may be at preferential risk of Coxiella burnetii exposure due to occupational contact with livestock. This study assesses the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with C. burnetii seropositivity in Portuguese veterinarians. A cross-sectional study compared IgG anti-C. burnetii in veterinarians\u2019 sera to a demographically matched control group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses evaluated associations between the demographic, occupational, and biosecurity factors and seropositivity. Seroprevalence among veterinarians was 33.7%, significantly higher (p = 0.0023) than in the controls (17.39%). Univariate analysis identified higher seropositivity in the northern region (p = 0.03), though this association was not significant after adjustment (p = 0.07). Protective measures, including isolating aborting animals from the rest of the herd (adjusted OR [aOR]: 0.35, p = 0.03) and wearing gloves during sample collection (OR: 0.28, p = 0.009), were significantly associated with lower infection risk. Veterinarians face increased C. burnetii exposure, but specific biosecurity practices reduce risk. Strengthening preventive measures, including personal protective equipment (PPE) use and biosecurity training, is essential to mitigate occupational and public health risks. Further research should explore vaccination strategies and molecular epidemiology to improve risk reduction efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12060512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T06:16:03Z","timestamp":1747980963000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing Q Fever Exposure in Veterinary Professionals: A Study on Seroprevalence and Awareness in Portugal, 2024"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5151-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Vasco da Gama (CIVG)\/Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Av. Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Maria","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jos\u00e9 Maria Cardoso Ceva Sa\u00fade Animal, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Loureiro Borges, 9\/9A-9\u00b0A, Miraflores, 1495-131 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Anast\u00e1cio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Vasco da Gama (CIVG)\/Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Av. Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014CESPU (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Health Science Campus, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Vasco da Gama (CIVG)\/Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Av. Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, REQUIMTE\u2014Network of Chemistry and Technology, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bromatologia e Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Vala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Inov4Agro, Quinta de Prados, Edif\u00edcio Reitoria, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5767-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"EpiUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas, n\u00ba 135, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancia Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131932","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/131932","article-title":"Q Fever: An Old but Still a Poorly Understood Disease","volume":"2012","author":"Honarmand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2023-0117","article-title":"Q Fever-Immune Responses and Novel Vaccine Strategies","volume":"18","author":"Redden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"458","article-title":"Q Fever (Coxiellosis) in Animals and Humans","volume":"5","author":"Alemneh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Approaches Poult. Dairy Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1355.018","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii Infection","volume":"1063","author":"Kazar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q Fever to Coxiella burnetii Infection: A Paradigm Change","volume":"30","author":"Eldin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.06.014","article-title":"The Importance of Ticks in Q Fever Transmission: What Has (and Has Not) Been Demonstrated?","volume":"31","author":"Duron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2013.843809","article-title":"Clinical Microbiology of Coxiella burnetii and Relevant Aspects for the Diagnosis and Control of the Zoonotic Disease Q Fever","volume":"33","author":"Roest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","article-title":"Q Fever","volume":"12","author":"Angelakis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.030086","article-title":"Q Fever in Thailand","volume":"9","author":"Suputtamongkol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zendoia, I.I., Cevidanes, A., Hurtado, A., V\u00e1zquez, P., Barral, M., Barandika, J., and Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, A. (2022). Stable Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Wildlife after a Decade of Surveillance in Northern Spain. Vet. Microbiol., 268.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109422"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gisbert, P., Garcia-Ispierto, I., Quintela, L., and Guatteo, R. (2024). Coxiella burnetii and Reproductive Disorders in Cattle: A Systematic Review. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14091313"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12211","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii (Q-Fever) Seroprevalence in Prey and Predators in the United Kingdom: Evaluation of Infection in Wild Rodents, Foxes and Domestic Cats Using a Modified ELISA","volume":"62","author":"Meredith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13223","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii Antibodies in Wild Deer Populations in Eastern Australia","volume":"101","author":"Voss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krzysiak, M., Puchalska, M., Olech, W., and Anusz, K. (2021). A Freedom of Coxiella burnetii Infection Survey in European Bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030651"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.00448","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Occupational Risk Survey for Coxiella burnetii among Exposed Workers in Sicily, Southern Italy","volume":"28","author":"Fenga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2018.09.002","article-title":"Seroprevalance of Coxiella burnetii among Abattoir and Slaughterhouse Workers: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Woldeyohannes","year":"2018","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102402","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Veterinary Personnel and Abattoir Workers in Central India","volume":"84","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/zoonoticdis3010005","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Occupational Settings: A Meta-Analysis of Italian Studies","volume":"3","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Fran\u00e7a, D.A., Kmetiuk, L.B., Rodrigues, O.J.D., Panazzolo, G.A.K., Morikawa, V., Dur\u00e9, A.\u00cd.d.L., Langoni, H., F\u00e1vero, G.M., and Biondo, A.W. (2024). Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) Exposure in Wildlife Professionals. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1466981"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb42235.x","article-title":"Susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii to Chemical Disinfectants","volume":"590","author":"Scott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celina, S.S., and \u010cern\u00fd, J. (2022). Coxiella burnetii in Ticks, Livestock, Pets and Wildlife: A Mini-Review. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1068129"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15229","article-title":"Management of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Livestock Populations and the Associated Zoonotic Risk: A Consensus Statement","volume":"32","author":"Plummer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.07.030","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii DNA Detected in Domestic Ruminants and Wildlife from Portugal","volume":"180","author":"Barahona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2012.08.003","article-title":"Genotypic Diversity of Clinical Coxiella burnetii Isolates from Portugal Based on MST and MLVA Typing","volume":"302","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol. IJMM"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"20407","article-title":"Q Fever in Humans and Farm Animals in Four European Countries, 1982 to 2010","volume":"18","author":"Georgiev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. Sur Mal. Transm. Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0879","article-title":"High Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii Antibodies in Veterinarians Associated with Cattle Obstetrics, Bavaria, 2009","volume":"12","author":"Bernard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12658","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence in Unvaccinated Veterinary Workers in Australia: Evidence to Support Q Fever Vaccination","volume":"67","author":"Sellens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100485","article-title":"Is There a Higher Risk of Exposure to Coxiella burnetii for Pre-Clinical Veterinary Students?","volume":"16","author":"Conan","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1909","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) Seropositivity and Associated Risk Factors in Sheep and Goat Farm Workers in Ontario, Canada","volume":"16","author":"Meadows","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2003.131111","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence and Risk for Humans on Dairy Cattle Farms, the Netherlands, 2010\u20132011","volume":"20","author":"Schimmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W.-W., Cong, W., Li, M., Wang, C.-F., Shan, X., and Qian, A. (2016). Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Cattle Farmers and Farm Residents in Three Northeastern Provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7059196"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0372","article-title":"Tropical Q Fever","volume":"107","author":"Kersh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811000136","article-title":"Low Seroprevalence of Q Fever in The Netherlands Prior to a Series of Large Outbreaks","volume":"140","author":"Schimmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2016.03.004","article-title":"Human Q Fever Incidence Is Associated to Spatiotemporal Environmental Conditions","volume":"2","author":"Leuken","year":"2016","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12923","article-title":"Identifying Scenarios and Risk Factors for Q Fever Outbreaks Using Qualitative Analysis of Expert Opinion","volume":"69","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13505","article-title":"Q Fever: Evidence of a Massive yet Undetected Cross-border Outbreak, with Ongoing Risk of Extra Mortality, in a Dutch\u2013German Border Region","volume":"67","author":"Hackert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/16.2.282","article-title":"An Important Outbreak of Human Q Fever in a Swiss Alpine Valley","volume":"16","author":"Dupuis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1504.081612","article-title":"Multigenotype Q Fever Outbreak, the Netherlands","volume":"15","author":"Klaassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.33","article-title":"Short Report: Seroprevalence of Human Infection by Coxiella burnetii in Barcelona (Northeast of Spain)","volume":"75","author":"Font","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab113","article-title":"Seroprevalence Estimate and Risk Factors for Coxiella burnetii Infections among Humans in a Highly Urbanised Brazilian State","volume":"116","author":"Meurer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderburg, S., Rubach, M., Halliday, J.E.B., Cleaveland, S., Reddy, E.A., and Crump, J. (2014). Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Africa: A OneHealth Systematic Review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002787"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12465","article-title":"Q Fever Serological Survey and Associated Risk Factors in Veterinarians, Southern Belgium, 2013","volume":"64","author":"Pozzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rooij, M.M.T., Schimmer, B., Versteeg, B., Schneeberger, P., Berends, B.R., Heederik, D., van der Hoek, W., and Wouters, I.M. (2012). Risk Factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) Seropositivity in Veterinary Medicine Students. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032108"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0705.010504","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of Q fever in Germany, 1947\u20131999","volume":"7","author":"Hellenbrand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1575715","article-title":"Comparative Virulence of Diverse Coxiella burnetii Strains","volume":"10","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuley, R., Kuijt, E., Smits, M., Roest, H., Smith, H.E., and Bossers, A. (2017). Genome Plasticity and Polymorphisms in Critical Genes Correlate with Increased Virulence of Dutch Outbreak-Related Coxiella burnetii Strains. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01526"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metters, G., Norville, I., Titball, R., and Hemsley, C. (2019). From Cell Culture to Cynomolgus Macaque: Infection Models Show Lineage-Specific Virulence Potential of Coxiella burnetii. J. Med. Microbiol., 68.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001064"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.7.2309-2324.2006","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of the Q Fever Agent, Coxiella burnetii, Assessed by Microarray-Based Whole-Genome Comparisons","volume":"188","author":"Beare","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toledo-Perona, R., Contreras, A., Gomis, J., Quereda, J., Garc\u00eda-Gal\u00e1n, A., S\u00e1nchez, A., and G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00edn, \u00c1. (2024). Controlling Coxiella burnetii in Naturally Infected Sheep, Goats and Cows, and Public Health Implications: A Scoping Review. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1321553"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.5.1576-1589.1991","article-title":"Genotypic Identification of Rickettsiae and Estimation of Intraspecies Sequence Divergence for Portions of Two Rickettsial Genes","volume":"173","author":"Regnery","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.04.027","article-title":"Effectiveness of Vaccination and Antibiotics to Control Coxiella burnetii Shedding around Calving in Dairy Cows","volume":"159","author":"Taurel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677220965628","article-title":"Minimizing the Risk of Occupational Q Fever Exposure: A Protocol for Ensuring Coxiella burnetii\u2013Negative Pregnant Ewes Are Used for Medical Research","volume":"55","author":"Galganski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.07.011","article-title":"Coxiella Burnetii infections in Sheep or Goats: An Opinionated Review","volume":"181","author":"Brom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"15","article-title":"Q Fever Epidemiology and Control in Domestic Animals","volume":"6","author":"Prica","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idoko, D.O., Agaba, J.A., Ijeoma, N., Badu, S.G., Ijiga, A.C., and Okereke, E.K. (2024). The Role of HSE Risk Assessments in Mitigating Occupational Hazards and Infectious Disease Spread: A Public Health Review. Open Access Res. J. Biol. Pharm., 11.","DOI":"10.53022\/oarjbp.2024.11.2.0029"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/6\/512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:38:52Z","timestamp":1760031532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/6\/512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12060512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12060512","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-7381"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]}}}