{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:25:38Z","timestamp":1778617538102,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/28908\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/28908\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine","award":["GHTM-UID\/Multi\/04413\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/Multi\/04413\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health","award":["CIISA-UID\/CVT\/00276\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIISA-UID\/CVT\/00276\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune system recognize and fight back foreign microorganisms and inner modifications that lead to deficient cell and tissue functions. During a dog\u2019s life, the immune system needs to adapt to different physiological conditions, assuring surveillance and protection in a careful and controlled way. Pregnancy alters normal homeostasis, requiring a balance between immunity and tolerance. The embryos and fetus should be protected from infections, while the female dog must tolerate the growing of semi-allografts in her uterus. After birth, newborn puppies are at great risk of developing infectious diseases, because their immune system is in development and immune memory is absent. Passive transfer of immunity through colostrum is fundamental for puppy survival in the first weeks of life, but hampers the development of an active immune response to vaccination. At the end of life, dogs experience a decline in the structure and functional competence of the immune system, compromising the immune responses to novel antigenic challenges, such as infections and vaccines. Therefore, the current article reviews the general processes related to the development of the dog\u00b4s immune system, providing an overview of immune activity throughout the dog\u2019s life and its implications in canine health, and highlighting priority research goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6040083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T11:37:55Z","timestamp":1571657875000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Development of Dog Immune System: From in Uterus to Elderly"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), R. da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre (IPP), Pra\u00e7a do Munic\u00edpio 11, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"Agrarian School of the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa\u2014Estrada de Nelas Ranhados, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Val\u00e9rio-Bolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), R. da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Saraiva-Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria (FMV), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9462-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Alexandre-Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria (FMV), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Pereira da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria (FMV), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9264-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Santos-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), R. da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tizard, I.R. (2017). Veterinary Immunology, Elsevier. 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