{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T18:53:57Z","timestamp":1767034437815,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]],"date-time":"2018-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIFE14 ENV\/PT\/000508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFE14 ENV\/PT\/000508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enhancing energy efficiency of water supply systems by recovering part of the excessive pressure is currently an issue of growing interest for water companies. The installation of micro hydro plants for energy recovery can be profitable in sites with excessive pressure, though requiring proper technical and economical evaluation. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the energy recovery potential in water supply systems under high seasonal demand variation. The methodology is based on the calculation of head and flow rate conditions that maximize energy production for a specific energy recovery technology, given available head and flow rate ranges. The methodology is applied to the inlet of a storage tank of a water transmission system using hourly collected data over one year. Results show that, in systems of high variability of flow rate, the installation of turbomachines in parallel is necessary for maximizing energy recovery and that the developed methodology returns lower, but more realistic, energy production estimates than other approaches based on average head and flow rate data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w10060773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T10:15:14Z","timestamp":1529057714000},"page":"773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Improved Assessment of Energy Recovery Potential in Water Supply Systems with High Demand Variation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5232-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00eddia I. C.","family":"Covas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/07900620220121666","article-title":"Water, Energy and Environment Nexus: The California Experience","volume":"18","author":"Lofman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Water Resour. 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Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.11.030","article-title":"Investigations on pump running in turbine mode: A review of the state-of-the-art","volume":"30","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.01.133","article-title":"A review on turbines for micro hydro power plant","volume":"72","author":"Jawahar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carravetta, A., Derakhshan Houreh, S., and Ramos, H.M. (2018). Pumps as Turbines Fundamentals and Applications, Springer International Publishing. [1st ed.].","key":"ref_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67507-7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carravetta, A., Del Giudice, G., Fecarotta, O., and Ramos, M.H. (2013). 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