{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:28:06Z","timestamp":1765888086436,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,8]],"date-time":"2018-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAPA_198\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_198\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inconsistences regarding flow measurements in real hydraulic circuits have been detected. Intensive studies stated that these errors are mostly associated to flowmeters, and the low accuracy is connected to the perturbations induced by the system layout. In order to verify the source of this problem, and assess the hypotheses drawn by operator experts, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3.b, was used. To validate the results provided by the numerical model, intensive experimental campaigns were developed using ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) as calibration, and a pumping station was simulated using as boundary conditions the values measured in situ. After calibrated and validated, a new layout\/geometry was proposed in order to mitigate the observed perturbations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w10121807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T03:36:41Z","timestamp":1544413001000},"page":"1807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Flow Velocity Distribution Towards Flowmeter Accuracy: CFD, UDV, and Field Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1783-543X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Besharat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0414-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Carravetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic, Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Napoli Federico II, via Claudio, 21, Napoli 80125, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Frenzel, F., Grothey, H., Habersetzer, C., Hiatt, M., Hogrefe, W., Kirchner, M., L\u00fctkepohl, G., Marchewka, W., Mecke, U., and Ohm, M. (2011). Industrial Flow Measurement Basics and Practice, ABB Automation Products GmbH."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"852","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics based sound path optimization for ultrasonic flow meter","volume":"30","author":"Sheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cardoso, A.H. (2009). Hidr\u00e1ulica Geral I\u2014Apontamentos Complementares das Aulas Te\u00f3ricas, IST."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2007.08.005","article-title":"Analytical model of an ultrasonic cross-correlation flow meter, part 1: Stochastic modeling of turbulence","volume":"19","author":"Lysak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Flow Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pope, S.B. (2000). Turbulent Flows, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511840531"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Quintela, A.C. (2002). Hidr\u00e1ulica, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02073","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/20146702073","article-title":"Modelling of flow in pipes and ultrasonic flowmeter bodies","volume":"67","author":"Matas","year":"2014","journal-title":"EPJ Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"EN 14154-2 (2005). Water Meters\u2014Part 2: Installation and Conditions of Use, NSAI."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"EN 14154-3 (2005). Water Meters\u2014Part 3: Test Methods and Equipment, NSAI."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher, C.A.J. (1991). Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-58239-4"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000234","article-title":"Wall shear stress in transient turbulent pipe flow by local velocity measurement","volume":"136","author":"Brunone","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng. ASCE"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2014). UVP Monitor \u2013User\u2019s Guide\u201d Model UVP-DUO with Software Version 3, Met-Flow."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2007.09.016","article-title":"Flow analysis by pulsed ultrasonic velocimetry technique in Sulzer SMX static mixer","volume":"139","author":"Hammoudia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haavisto, S., Syrjnen, J., Koponen, A., and Mannien, M. (2008, January 10\u201312). UDV Measurements and CFD Simulation of Two-Phase Flow in a Stirred Vessel. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on CFD in Oil & Gas, Metallurgical and Process Industries, Trondheim, Norway.","DOI":"10.1504\/PCFD.2009.027368"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Georgescu, A., Bernad, S., Georgescu, S.-C., and CoSoiu, I. (2007, January 1\u20132). COMSOL Multiphysics versus FLUENT: 2D numerical simulation of the stationary flow arround a blade of the achard turbine. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Vortex Dominated Flows, Timisoara, Romania."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"COMSOL 4.3 (2012). COMSOL Multiphysics Reference Guide, COMSOL AB."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112087001319","article-title":"On nonlinear k-l and k-\u03b5 models of turbulence","volume":"178","author":"Speziale","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, M. (2017). Fluid-Structure Interaction in Pressurized Systems. [Ph.D. Thesis, Insituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.23.010191.002213","article-title":"Incompressible Fluid Dynamics: Some Fundamental Formulation Issues","volume":"23","author":"Gresho","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Prandtl, L. (1952). Guide \u00e0 Traves de la M\u00e9chanique d\u00eas Fluides, Dunod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2156(08)70266-7","article-title":"Computational modelling of turbulent flows","volume":"18","author":"Lumley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1063\/1.858347","article-title":"Some comments on turbulence","volume":"4","author":"Lumley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids A"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"COMSOL 4.3 (2012). COMSOL Multiphysics User\u2019s Guide, COMSOL AB."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1762382","article-title":"Viscous sublayer and adjacent wall region in the turbulent pipe flow","volume":"10","author":"Bakewell","year":"1967","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Versteeg, H.K., and Malalasekera, W. (2007). An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method, Pearson Education Limited."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"\u00c7engel, Y.A., and Cimbala, J.M. (2006). Fluid Mechanics\u2014Fundamentals and Applications, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Batchelor, G.K. (1967). An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Abbott, M.B., and Basco, D.R. (1989). Computational Fluid Dynamics\u2014An Introduction of Engineers, Longman Scientific & Technical."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112000001385","article-title":"A theory for turbulent pipe and channel flows","volume":"421","author":"Wosnik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Braga, F., and Fernandes, M. (2009). Analise de Eventuais Perdas na rede de Adu\u00e7\u00e3o da EPAL: Casos de Estudo, EPAL."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/10\/12\/1807\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:32:13Z","timestamp":1760196733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/10\/12\/1807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["w10121807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w10121807","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4441"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,8]]}}}