{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T11:22:12Z","timestamp":1778325732481,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extensive animal production in Iberian Peninsula is based on pastures, integrated within the important agro-silvo-pastoral system, named \u201cmontado\u201d in Portugal and \u201cdehesa\u201d in Spain. Temperature and precipitation are the main driving climatic factors affecting agricultural productivity and, in dryland pastures, the hydrological cycle of soil, identified by soil moisture content (SMC), is the main engine of the vegetation development. The objective of this work was to evaluate the normalized difference water index (NDWI) based on Sentinel-2 imagery as a tool for monitoring pasture seasonal dynamics and inter-annual variability in a Mediterranean agro-silvo-pastoral system. Forty-one valid NDWI records were used between January and June 2016 and between January 2017 and June 2018. The 2.3 ha experimental field is located within the \u201cMitra\u201d farm, in the South of Portugal. Soil moisture content, pasture moisture content (PMC), pasture surface temperature (Tir), pasture biomass productivity and pasture quality degradation index (PQDI) were evaluated in 12 satellite pixels (10 m \u00d7 10 m). The results show significant correlations (p &lt; 0.01) between NDWI and: (i) SMC (R2 = 0.7548); (ii) PMC (R2 = 0.8938); (iii) Tir (R2 = 0.5428); (iv) biomass (R2 = 0.7556); and (v) PQDI (R2 = 0.7333). These findings suggest that satellite-derived NDWI can be used in site-specific management of \u201cmontado\u201d ecosystem to support farmers\u2019 decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w11010062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T03:36:30Z","timestamp":1546486590000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Evaluation of Normalized Difference Water Index as a Tool for Monitoring Pasture Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability in a Mediterranean Agro-Silvo-Pastoral System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5178-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P.O. Box 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Shakib","family":"Shahidian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P.O. Box 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0305-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Marques da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P.O. Box 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Agroinsider Lda. (Spin-off of Universidade de \u00c9vora), Parque Industrial e Tecnol\u00f3gico de \u00c9vora, R. Circular Norte, NERE, Sala 18, 7005-841 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.07.012","article-title":"Root functioning, tree water use and hydraulic redistribution in Quercus suber trees: A modeling approach based on root sap flow","volume":"307","author":"David","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. 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