{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T19:36:55Z","timestamp":1773344215725,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000035)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000035)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(NORTE-07-0162-FEDER-000050)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(NORTE-07-0162-FEDER-000050)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MCTES and the European Social Fund","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/110730\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/110730\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spatial patterns of chlorophyll a and bacteria were assessed in a temperate Atlantic tidal estuary during seasonal surveys, as well as in consecutive summer spring and neap tides. A box model approach was used to better understand spatial and temporal dynamics of these key estuarine descriptors. The Lima estuary (NW Portugal) was divided into boxes controlled by salinity and freshwater discharge and balance equations were derived for each variable, enabling the calculation of horizontal and vertical fluxes of plankton and, therefore, production or consumption rates. Chlorophyll a tended to burst within the oligohaline zone, whereas higher counts of bacteria were found in the mesohaline stretch. Whenever the water column was stratified, similar tide-independent trends were found for chlorophyll a and bacterial fluxes, with net growth in the upper less saline boxes, and consumption beneath the halocline. In the non-stratified upper estuary, other controls emerged for chlorophyll a and bacteria, such as nitrogen and carbon inputs, respectively. The presented results show that, while tidal hydrodynamics influenced plankton variability, production\/consumption rates resulted from the interaction of additional factors, namely estuarine geomorphological characteristics and nutrient inputs. In complex estuarine systems, the rather simple box model approach remains a useful tool in the task of understanding the coupling between hydrodynamics and the behavior of plankton, emerging as a contribution toward the management of estuarine systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w11030588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T12:28:01Z","timestamp":1553171281000},"page":"588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Coupling between Hydrodynamics and Chlorophyll a and Bacteria in a Temperate Estuary: A Box Model Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"\u00c9lia","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo (ESTG-IPVC), Avenida do Atl\u00e2ntico, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9637-6541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano A.","family":"Bordalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.03.014","article-title":"Nutrient transport through estuaries: The importance of the estuarine geography","volume":"150","author":"Jickells","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.07.009","article-title":"Modelling and mass balance assessments of nutrient retention in a seasonally-flowing estuary (Swan River Estuary, Western Australia)","volume":"76","author":"Robson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-007-0675-9","article-title":"Modelling the influence of nutrient loads on Portuguese estuaries","volume":"587","author":"Saraiva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2004.11.003","article-title":"Spatial variability of phytoplankton, bacteria and viruses in the mesotidal salt wedge Douro Estuary (Portugal)","volume":"63","author":"Bordalo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolanski, E., and Elliott, M. (2016). Estuarine Ecohydrology\u2014An Introduction, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63398-9.00001-5"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Dyer, K.R. (1997). Estuaries. A Physical Introduction, John Wiley and Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"115","article-title":"Dispersion and flushing of pollutants in estuaries","volume":"95","author":"Pritchard","year":"1969","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. J. Hydraul. Div."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Libes, S.M. (2009). Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry, Elsevier Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1357\/002224091784968611","article-title":"Tidal stirring and phytoplankton bloom dynamics in an estuary","volume":"49","author":"Cloern","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mar. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2004.49.1.0051","article-title":"Phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton grazing, and carbon cycling in marine systems","volume":"49","author":"Calbet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2005.11.027","article-title":"Phytoplankton size structure and primary production in a highly dynamic coastal ecosystem (R\u00eda de Vigo, NW-Spain): Seasonal and shorttime scale variability","volume":"67","author":"Maranon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3354\/meps243039","article-title":"Effects of freshwater flow on abundance of estuarine organisms: Physical effects or trophic linkages?","volume":"243","author":"Kimmerer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2016.07.006","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variability of phytoplankton (Chlorophyll-a) in relation to salinity, suspended sediment concentration, and light intensity in a macrotidal estuary","volume":"126","author":"Azhikodan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1998.0351","article-title":"Hydrodynamic control of the supply of suspended chlorophyll a to infaunal estuarine bivalves","volume":"47","author":"Roegner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.3.1410","article-title":"Long-term temporal and spatial trends in phytoplankton biomass and class-level taxonomic composition in the hydrologically variable Neuse-Pamlico estuarine continuum, North Carolina U.S.A","volume":"51","author":"Piehler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-9063-8-26","article-title":"Physicochemical and biological factors controlling water column metabolism in Sundarbans estuary, India","volume":"8","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.12.002","article-title":"Highs and lows: The effect of differently sized freshwater inflows on estuarine carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, bacteria and chlorophyll a dynamics","volume":"156","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12279","article-title":"The role of heterotrophic microbial communities in estuarine C budgets and the biogeochemical C Cycle with implications for global warming: Research opportunities and challenges","volume":"63","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-014-0549-4","article-title":"Effects of light and autochthonous carbon additions on microbial turnover of allochthonous organic carbon and community composition","volume":"69","author":"Attermeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1996.41.8.1610","article-title":"Bacterial dynamics in the upper St. Lawrence estuary","volume":"41","author":"Painchaud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[1047:EOHDOB]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effect of human development on bacteriological water quality in coastal watersheds","volume":"10","author":"Mallin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"INAG\u2014Instituto da \u00c1gua (2012, December 16). Quest\u00f5es Significativas da Gest\u00e3o da \u00c1gua\u2014Regi\u00e3o Hidrogr\u00e1fica do Minho e Lima. Available online: http:\/\/dqa.inag.pt\/dqa2002\/port\/p_dispos\/QSigaPP\/Questoes_Minho_Lima_30_01_2009.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1604","article-title":"The effect of tidal regime and river flow on the hydrodynamics and salinity structure of the Lima Estuary: Use of a numerical model to assist on estuary classification","volume":"64","author":"Vale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res. Spec. Issue"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2011.08.008","article-title":"Applicability of ecological assessment tools for management decision-making: A case study from the Lima estuary (NW Portugal)","volume":"72","author":"Azevedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.10.037","article-title":"Role of different salt marsh plants on metal retention in an urban estuary (Lima estuary, NW Portugal)","volume":"91","author":"Almeida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Parsons, T.R., Maita, Y., and Lalli, C.M. (1984). A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis, Pergamon Press."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"UNESCO (1966). Determination of Photosynthtic Pigments in Sea Water. Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, UNESCO Press."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1610","article-title":"The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora","volume":"41","author":"Porter","year":"1980","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Herschy, R.W. (1995). Streamflow Measurement, E & FN Spon. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Venice System (1958). Symposium on the classification of brackish waters, Venice, Italy, 8\u201314 April 1958. Arch. Oceanogr. Limnol., 11, 1\u2013248. Available online: https:\/\/aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.4319\/lo.1958.3.3.0346."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Union (EU) (2000). Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Off. J. Eur. Union, L327, 1\u201372."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3354\/meps137273","article-title":"Bacterial abundance, biomass, and production in relation to phytoplankton biomass in the Levantine basin of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea","volume":"137","author":"Robarts","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00367-016-0469-z","article-title":"Estuary-type circulation as a factor sustaining horizontal nutrient gradients in freshwater-influenced coastal systems","volume":"37","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geo-Mar. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-014-9870-x","article-title":"Dissolved oxygen in a temperate estuary: The influence of hydro-climatic factors and eutrophication at seasonal and inter-annual time scales","volume":"38","author":"Iriarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuaries Coast."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5516-6","article-title":"Seasonal and spatial variability of macronutrients and Chlorophyll a basead on GIS in the South American estuary (Bah\u00eda Blanca, Argentina)","volume":"75","author":"Carbone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40555-015-0135-6","article-title":"Mesozooplankton biomass and copepod estimated production in a temperate estuary (Mondego estuary): Effects of processes operating at different timescales","volume":"54","author":"Marques","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0125","article-title":"The annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass","volume":"365","author":"Winder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3326","article-title":"Master recyclers: Features and functions of bacteria associated with phytoplankton blooms","volume":"12","author":"Buchan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.07.005","article-title":"Modeling future scenarios of light attenuation and potential seagrass success in a eutrophic estuary","volume":"149","author":"Barrio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2013.12.011","article-title":"Controls of seasonal variability of phytoplankton blooms in the Pearl river estuary","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-010-9372-4","article-title":"Factors determining the location of the chlorophyll maximum and the fate of algal production within the tidal freshwater James river","volume":"34","author":"Bukaveckas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Estuaries Coast."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7714(88)90032-7","article-title":"Phytoplankton, nutrients, and turbidity in the Chesapeake, Delaware, and Hudson estuaries","volume":"27","author":"Fisher","year":"1988","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2015.02.007","article-title":"Salinity predicts the distribution of chlorophyll a spring peak in the southern North Sea continental waters","volume":"103","author":"Desmit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3354\/ame030221","article-title":"Composition and dynamics of particle-associated and free-living bacterial communities in the Weser estuary, Germany","volume":"30","author":"Selje","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1146-609X(03)00016-X","article-title":"Bacterioplankton dynamics in the Mondego estuary (Portugal)","volume":"24","author":"Nicolau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Oecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1988.33.4_part_2.0750","article-title":"A comparison of the ecology of planktonic bacteria in fresh and salt water","volume":"33","author":"Hobbie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.8.2017-2024.1989","article-title":"Influence of osmoregulation processes on starvation survival of Escherichia coli in seawater","volume":"55","author":"Munro","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(03)00152-0","article-title":"Microbiological water quality in urban coastal beaches: The influence of water dynamics and optimization of the sampling strategy","volume":"37","author":"Bordalo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00517","article-title":"Spatio-temporal interdependence of bacteria and phytoplankton during a Baltic Sea spring bloom","volume":"7","author":"Bunse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.93","article-title":"Bacterial diversity, community structure and potential growth rates along an estuarine salinity gradient","volume":"7","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2015.05.016","article-title":"Dynamics of the bacterial and archaeal communities in the Northern South China Sea revealed by 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene","volume":"117","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01883","article-title":"Phylogenetic signals of salinity and season in bacterial community composition across the salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea","volume":"7","author":"Herlemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Bell, C.R., Brylinsky, M., and Johnson-Green, P. (1999). Bacterial Dynamics in Large and Small Estuaries. Microbial Ecology of Estuaries, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Halifax, NS, Canada, 9\u201314 August 1998, Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07264","article-title":"Variability of biogeochemical processes and physical transport in a partially stratified estuary: A box-modelling analysis","volume":"356","author":"Testa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyngsgaard, M.M., Markager, S., Richardson, K., M\u00f8ller, E.F., and Jakobsen, H.H. (2017). How well does chlorophyll explain the seasonal variation in phytoplankton activity?. Estuaries Coast.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-017-0215-4"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phytoplankton spring and fall blooms in the North Atlantic in the 1980s and 2000s","volume":"116","author":"Martinez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icv035","article-title":"Environmental chemistry and chemical ecology of \u2018\u2018green tide\u2019\u2019 seaweed blooms","volume":"55","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W.C., and Chan, W.T. (2016). Assessment of climate change impacts on water quality in a tidal estuarine system using a three-dimensional model. Water, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/w8020060"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01725-08","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of south end tidal creek (Sapelo Island, Georgia) bacterial communities","volume":"75","author":"Kara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.08.008","article-title":"Modeling residence time with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model: Linkage with chlorophyll a in a subtropical estuary","volume":"268","author":"Wan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2007.12.002","article-title":"Bacterial production and microbial food web structure in a large arctic river and the coastal Arctic Ocean","volume":"74","author":"Retamal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.3.1494-1505.2004","article-title":"Microbial biogeography along an estuarine salinity gradient: Combined influences of bacterial growth and residence time","volume":"70","author":"Crump","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3354\/meps098283","article-title":"Seasonal and inter-annual variability in bacterial production and biomass in a temperate estuary","volume":"98","author":"Hoch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2001.950205.x","article-title":"Interactions between algae and the microbial loop in experimental microcosms","volume":"95","author":"Hulot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3354\/meps037285","article-title":"Utilization of N, P and organic C by heterotrophic bacteria. II. Comparison of experiments and a mathematical model","volume":"37","author":"Martinussen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/3\/588\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:39:39Z","timestamp":1760186379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/3\/588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["w11030588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w11030588","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]}}}