{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:05:39Z","timestamp":1777086339536,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]],"date-time":"2019-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04423\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04423\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30877\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30877\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EP INTERREG V A Espa\u00f1a-Portugal (POCTEP) program","award":["0262_MarRISK_1_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0262_MarRISK_1_E"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerical models are key tools to characterize hydrodynamical patterns of coastal environments and anticipate the potential effects of hazardous and extreme events, anthropogenic intervention or climate change. In this work, the openTELEMAC-MASCARET modelling system was selected to represent the dynamics of the Minho estuary, a very shallow estuary located at the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula coast. Calibration and validation results confirm the accuracy of the numerical tool, with small root mean square errors, close to null bias and the close to unit correlation and skill coefficients obtained for water level and currents velocity at several estuarine locations. The obtained results depict a tide dominated estuary with a delay in the tide phase and a marked asymmetry in the tide curve that increases upriver. Additionally, an upstream diminution of M2 and an upstream augmentation of M4 was observed, classifying this estuary as flood-dominated. The represented current patterns show that variations in the intensities of the main driving forces alter the behaviour of the hydrodynamical patterns within the estuary, with a clear dependence on bathymetric and topographic characteristics. During flood events, larger estuarine regions become submerged due to the low margins and the wetland characteristics, highlighting the need for accurate numerical models that can be used as a decision-making support tool for effective and integrated estuarine management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w11051040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T11:05:07Z","timestamp":1558350307000},"page":"1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Modelling the Main Hydrodynamic Patterns in Shallow Water Estuaries: The Minho Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Avilez-Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Bio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2010.08.005","article-title":"Nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton development along an estuary-coastal zone continuum: A model study","volume":"84","author":"Arndt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pereira, H. (2016). Coupled Modelling of the Minho and Lima Estuaries: Hydrological Response to Climate Changes. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1330","article-title":"Textural composition of sediments from Minho and Douro estuaries (Portugal) and its relation with hydrodynamics","volume":"56","author":"Balsinha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2307\/1352380","article-title":"The relationships among man\u2019s activities in watersheds and estuaries: A model of runoff effects on patterns of estuarine community metabolism","volume":"18","author":"Hopkinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-018-0477-5","article-title":"Two models solutions for the Douro estuary: Flood risk assessment and breakwater effects","volume":"42","author":"Iglesias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00140","article-title":"The importance of marine observatories and of RAIA in particular","volume":"3","author":"Bastos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1057\/pb.2013.10","article-title":"Place branding and endogenous rural development. Departure points for developing an inner brand of the River Minho estuary","volume":"9","author":"Horlings","year":"2013","journal-title":"Place Brand. Public Dipl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.05.022","article-title":"A framework to assess the vulnerability of estuarine systems for use in ecological risk assessment","volume":"119","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-009-9237-8","article-title":"Patterns in abundance and distribution of juvenile flounder, Platichthys flesus, in Minho estuary (NW Iberian Peninsula)","volume":"43","author":"Freitas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1405","article-title":"Assessing the Influence of the River Discharge on the Minho Estuary Tidal Regime","volume":"56","author":"Reis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ferreira, J., Abreu, P., Bettencourt, A., Bricker, S., Marques, J., Melo, J., Newton, A., Nobre, A., Patricio, J., and Rocha, F. (2019, May 15). Monitoring Plan for Portuguese Coastal Waters. Water Quality and Ecology. Development of Guidelines for the Applications of the European Union Water Framework Directive. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/276921166_Monitoring_Plan_For_Water_Quality_and_Ecology_for_Portuguese_Transitional_and_Coastal_Waters_Development_of_guidelines_for_the_application_of_the_European_Union_Water_Framework_Directive."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1051\/limn\/2005009","article-title":"Molluscan fauna in the freshwater tidal area of the River Minho estuary, NW of Iberian Peninsula","volume":"41","author":"Sousa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Limnol. Int. J. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2014.06.004","article-title":"Modeling the Minho River plume intrusion into the Rias Baixas (NW Iberian Peninsula)","volume":"85","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.07.062","article-title":"Use of stable isotope ratios of fish larvae as indicators to assess diets and patterns of anthropogenic nitrogen pollution in estuarine ecosystems","volume":"83","author":"Baeta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2008.11.001","article-title":"Environmental constraints of foraminiferal assemblages distribution across a brackish tidal marsh (Caminha, NW Portugal)","volume":"70","author":"Fatela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Micropaleontol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"17","article-title":"Living Foraminiferal Assemblages From the Minho and Coura Estuaries (Northern Portugal): A Stressfull Environment","volume":"21","author":"Moreno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thalassas"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Martinez-Cortizas, A., and Perez-Alberti, A. (1999). Atlas Clim\u00e1tico de Galicia, Conseller\u00eda de Medio Ambiente."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-012-9861-5","article-title":"Characterization of heavy-metal contamination in surface sediments of the Minho river estuary by way of factor analysis","volume":"64","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). LTER-ESTUARIES-Portugal. Available online: https:\/\/deims.org\/664177a4-a21a-4f59-9601-00909e275868."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2013.04.005","article-title":"The Portuguese National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Zone Management as a spatial planning instrument to climate change adaptation in the Minho River Estuary (Portugal NW-Coastal Zone)","volume":"33","author":"Pinto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). Natura 2000. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/nature\/natura2000\/index_en.htm."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). ICNF\u2014Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza e das Florestas. Available online: http:\/\/www2.icnf.pt\/portal\/pn\/biodiversidade\/rn2000\/rn-pt\/rn-contin\/zpe-pt."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). BirdLife. Available online: http:\/\/www.birdlife.org\/worldwide\/programme-additional-info\/important-bird-and-biodiversity-areas-ibas."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). EEA\u2014European Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/COR0-biotopes\/file."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). Plano de Gest\u00e3o da Regi\u00e3o Hidrogr\u00e1fica do Minho e Lima, RH1. Available online: https:\/\/www.apambiente.pt\/?ref=16&subref=7&sub2ref=9&sub3ref=834."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Delgado, A., Taveira-Pinto, F., and Silva, R. (2011). Hydrodynamic and Morphodynamic Preliminary Simulation of River Minho Estuary. Proceedings of the 6a Jornadas de Hidr\u00e1ulica, Recursos H\u00eddricos e Ambiente, Faculty of Engineering, Uiversity of Porto."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Portela, L.I. (2011). Morphological evolution, hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of the Minho River estuary. Proceedings of the 3o Semin\u00e1rio sobre Gest\u00e3o de Bacias Hidrogr\u00e1ficas \u201cOs Estu\u00e1rios\u201d, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Zacarias, N.G. (2007). Influ\u00eancia da Batimetria E do Caudal Fluvial na Propaga\u00e7\u00e3o da Mar\u00e9 no Estu\u00e1rio do Rio Minho. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de \u00c9vora]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Zacarias, N.G., and DaSilva, A.J. (,  2008). Tide Propagation in the Minho River Estuary (Portugal). Proceedings of the 43rd Estuarine & Coastal Sciences Association\u2014International Symposium, Lisboa, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Delgado, A. (2011). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o Hidrodin\u00e2mica E Sedimentar Do Estu\u00e1rio Do Rio Minho. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade do Porto]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1085(200009)14:13<2301::AID-HYP30>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"A 3-D hydrodynamic model of river flow in a delta region","volume":"14","author":"Corti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2010.01.003","article-title":"Application of a finite element model to the computation of tides in the Mersey Estuary and Eastern Irish Sea","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-010-0268-4","article-title":"Morphological controls in sandy estuaries: The influence of tidal flats and bathymetry on sediment transport","volume":"60","author":"Robins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-09-00168.1","article-title":"On the Effect of Earth Rotation, River Discharge, Tidal Oscillations, and Wind in the Dynamics of the Patos Lagoon Coastal Plume","volume":"27","author":"Monteiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(02)00121-X","article-title":"Evaluation of 1D and 2D numerical models for predicting river flood inundation","volume":"268","author":"Horritt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2008.11.014","article-title":"A 2D\/3D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for the Yangtze Estuary, China","volume":"77","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"N\u00e9elz, S., and Pender, G. (2019, January 19). Benchmarking of 2D Dyfraulic Modelling Packages, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/%0Aattachment_data\/file\/290884\/scho0510bsno-e-e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). Benchmarking the Latest Generation of 2D Hydraulic Modelling Packages, Available online: http:\/\/evidence.environment-agency.gov.uk\/%0AFCERM\/Libraries\/FCERM_Project_Documents\/SC120002_%0ABenchmarking_2D_hydraulic_models_Report.sflb.ashx."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2014.06.009","article-title":"Hydrodynamic evolutions at the Yangtze Estuary from 1998 to 2009","volume":"47","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Symonds, A.M., Vijverberg, T., Post, S., van der Spek, B., Henrotte, J., and Sokolewicz, M. (2016, January 17\u201320). Comparison between Mike 21 FM, Delft3D and Delft3D FM flow models of Western Port Bay, Australia. Proceedings of the 35th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Antalya, Turkey.","DOI":"10.9753\/icce.v35.currents.11"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2008.12.016","article-title":"Hydrodynamic characterization of the Arcachon Bay, using model-derived descriptors","volume":"29","author":"Plus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2010.11.065","article-title":"Pre-operational forecasting of sea level height for the R\u00edo de la Plata","volume":"35","author":"Santoro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7930(79)90037-9","article-title":"A wave equation model for finite element tidal computations","volume":"7","author":"Lynch","year":"1979","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). DGT\u2014Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral do Territ\u00f3rio. Available online: http:\/\/www.dgterritorio.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). IH\u2014Instituto Hidrogr\u00e1fico. Available online: http:\/\/www.hidrografico.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/01490410903297766","article-title":"Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS","volume":"32","author":"Becker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Krige, D.G. (1951). A Statistical Approach to Some Mine Valuations and Allied Problems at the Witwatersrand. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Witwatersrand]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.58.8.1246","article-title":"Principles of geostatistics","volume":"58","author":"Matheron","year":"1963","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00742","article-title":"Influence of atmospheric modes on coastal upwelling along the western coast of the Iberian Peninsula, 1985 to 2005","volume":"36","author":"DeCastro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2015.10.012","article-title":"Zooplankton structure and dynamics in two estuaries from the Atlantic coast in relation to multi-stressors exposure","volume":"167","author":"Vieira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2011.10.002","article-title":"Associated macrozoobenthos with the invasive Asian clam Corbicula fluminea","volume":"72","author":"Ilarri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"183","article-title":"TOPEX\/POSEIDON tides estimated using a global inverse model","volume":"19","author":"Egbert","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). CHMi\u00f1oSil\u2014Confederaci\u00f3n Hidrogr\u00e1fica Mi\u00f1o-Sil. Available online: https:\/\/www.chminosil.es\/es\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Santos, A.I., Oliveira, A., Balsinha, M.J., and Silva, A.J. (July, January 29). ECOIS\u2014\u201cContribui\u00e7\u00f5es Estuarinas para a Din\u00e2mica da Plataforma Interna\u201d\u2014Alguns resultados preliminares do estu\u00e1rio do Minho (Portugal). Proceedings of the VII Congresso Nacional de Geologia, \u00c9vora, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002585","article-title":"Simulations of Chesapeake Bay estuary: Sensitivity to turbulence mixing parameterizations and comparison with observations","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trauth, M.H. (2007). MATLAB\u00ae Recipes for Earth Sciences, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72749-1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2016.01.004","article-title":"The impact of surface currents and sea level on the wave field evolution during St. Jude storm in the eastern Baltic Sea","volume":"58","author":"Viitak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01017","article-title":"The state of climate in NW Iberia","volume":"48","author":"Gimeno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s004770050042","article-title":"Analysis of extreme hydrologic events with Gumbel distributions: Marginal and additive cases","volume":"13","author":"Loaiciga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2019, January 19). SNIRH\u2014Sistema Nacional de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o de Recursos H\u00eddricos. Available online: https:\/\/snirh.apambiente.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Robins, P.E., and Davies, A.G. (2011, January 19\u201321). Application of TELEMAC-2D and SISYPHE to complex estuarine regions to inform future management decisions. Proceedings of the XVIIIth Telemac Mascaret User Club, EDF Corporate University, Chatou, France."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.09.019","article-title":"Future variability of solute transport in a macrotidal estuary","volume":"151","author":"Robins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.03.018","article-title":"A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of estuarine circulation with an application to Southampton Water, UK","volume":"73","author":"Levasseur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(02)00134-6","article-title":"Morphology and asymmetry of the vertical tide in the Westerschelde estuary","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.08.003","article-title":"Morphological evolution of the Dee Estuary, Eastern Irish Sea, UK: A tidal asymmetry approach","volume":"103","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7714(88)90082-0","article-title":"Non-linear tidal distortion in shallow well-mixed estuaries: A synthesis","volume":"27","author":"Friedrichs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-006-0078-x","article-title":"Tidal circulation and energy dissipation in a shallow, sinuous estuary","volume":"56","author":"Seim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1345","article-title":"Numerical modeling of Ria Formosa tidal dynamics","volume":"56","author":"Dias","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res. SI"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-3004(02)00013-4","article-title":"Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T TIDE","volume":"28","author":"Pawlowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-1784(99)80030-9","article-title":"On the effect of tidal flats on the hydrodynamics of the Tagus estuary","volume":"22","author":"Fortunato","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2004.06.008","article-title":"Tides and tidal currents in the Pearl River Estuary","volume":"24","author":"Mao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"IH\u2014Instituto Hidrogr\u00e1fico (1978). Barra e Porto de Caminha, 1977, Carta 51 (f\u00f3lio antigo), escala 1:10.000, Instituto Hidrogr\u00e1fico."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"CONSULMAR (1990). Terminal de ferry-boats em Caminha. Estudo de localiza\u00e7\u00e3o. Volume 3\u2014Anexo II: Estudos de hidrodin\u00e2mica e sedimentologia, CONSULMAR. Internal Report."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"CEDEX (2004). Estudio integral del estuario del rio Mi\u00f1o, Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas. Internal Tecnical Report."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Santos, A.I., Balsinha, M.J., Oliveira, A.T., and da Silva, A.J. (2006, January 2\u20134). Tide induced aariability in the hydrography and dynamics of the Minho and Douro estuaries during low runoff. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Iberian Atlantic Margin, Aveiro, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.05.035","article-title":"Freshwater, tidal and wave influences on a small estuary","volume":"150","author":"Uncles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.2112\/03-0089.1","article-title":"Influence of intertidal flats on tidal asymmetry","volume":"215","author":"Fortunato","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(00)00031-5","article-title":"Characterization of intertidal flat hydrodynamics","volume":"20","author":"Roberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.2002.1032","article-title":"Estuarine physical processes research: Some recent studies and progress","volume":"55","author":"Uncles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/5\/1040\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:53:26Z","timestamp":1760187206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/5\/1040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["w11051040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w11051040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]]}}}