{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T15:11:51Z","timestamp":1766848311081,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]],"date-time":"2019-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["PD\/BD\/114459\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/114459\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The filling process in water pipelines produces pressure surges caused by the compression of air pockets. In this sense, air valves should be appropriately designed to expel sufficient air to avoid pipeline failure. Recent studies concerning filling maneuvers have been addressed without considering the behavior of air valves. This work shows a mathematical model developed by the authors which is capable of simulating the main hydraulic and thermodynamic variables during filling operations under the effect of the air valve in a single pipeline, which is based on the mass oscillation equation, the air\u2013water interface, the polytropic equation of the air phase, the air mass equation, and the air valve characterization. The mathematical model is validated in a 7.3-m-long pipeline with a 63-mm nominal diameter. A commercial air valve is positioned in the highest point of the hydraulic installation. Measurements indicate that the mathematical model can be used to simulate this phenomenon by providing good accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w11091814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T03:16:12Z","timestamp":1567394172000},"page":"1814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Effect of a Commercial Air Valve on the Rapid Filling of a Single Pipeline: a Numerical and Experimental Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar E.","family":"Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar, Cartagena 131001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Besharat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1049\u2013001, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3524-2555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente S.","family":"Fuertes-Miquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Hidr\u00e1ulica y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia 46022, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1049\u2013001, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:11(1154)","article-title":"Flow Modeling in Pressurized Systems Revisited","volume":"125","author":"Abreu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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[1st ed.]."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/9\/1814\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:15:33Z","timestamp":1760188533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/9\/1814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["w11091814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w11091814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4441"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]}}}